# tzdb data for Africa and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
#
# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
#	 +00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
#	 +02	CAT	Central Africa Time
#	 +02	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
#	 +01	WAT	West Africa Time
# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
# cannot now come up with solid citations.
#
# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
#	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
#	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
# Corrections are welcome.

# Algeria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
# See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21
			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26
			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May
			1:00	-	CET

# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
# For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
# (see Europe/Lisbon).
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
			-1:00	-	-01

# Chad
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
			1:00	-	WAT

# Burkina Faso
# Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
# The Gambia
# Ghana
# Guinea
# Iceland
# Mali
# Mauritania
# St Helena
# Senegal
# Sierra Leone
# Togo

# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
#	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
#	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
#		on GMT, says the CIA
#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
			 0:00	-	GMT

###############################################################################

# Egypt

# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
# observatory.  Milne also says that the official time for
# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
# "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
# saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
# Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
#
# Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
# or
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
# The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
# Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
# after observing the daylight saving time since May.
# http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
# From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
# I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
# saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
# http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
# From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
# Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
# than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
# year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
# hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
# shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
# unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
# For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.

# From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
# The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
#
# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Apr 23
# > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
# Apr 24
# > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Aug 27
# > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
# Aug 27
# > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
#
# > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
# :59)
# > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
#
# timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
#
# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
# In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
# Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
# in September.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
# Information and Decision Support Center:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
#
# The Middle East News Agency
# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
# also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
# Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
# and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
# (at least today).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
# decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
# Ramadan.
#
# Arabic translation:
# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html

# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx

# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)

# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833

# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
# dates not yet announced....
# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html

# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
# least for 2015.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
# practice altogether in future years."
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx

# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,

Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	2:05:08.9
Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT

# Guinea-Bissau
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
			-1:00	-	-01	1975
			 0:00	-	GMT

# Comoros
# Djibouti
# Eritrea
# Ethiopia
# Kenya
# Madagascar
# Mayotte
# Somalia
# Tanzania
# Uganda

# From P Chan (2020-10-24):
#
# The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate....
# [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274
#
# At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
# half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
# https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Official Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
#
# The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
# 1929 and the time was restored to GMT+2:30 at midnight on 4 January 1930.
# [Ordinance No. 97 of 1929, The Official Gazette, 1929-12-31, p 2701]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=_g18jIZQlwwC&pg=PA2701
#
# The Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1936 changed the time to GMT+2:45
# and repealed the previous ordinance at midnight on 31 December 1936.
# [The Official Gazette, 1936-07-21, p 705]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=K7j41z0aC5wC&pg=PA705
#
# The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120) Regulations changed the time
# to GMT+3 at midnight on 31 July 1942.
# [Kenya Official Gazette Supplement No. 32, 1942-07-21, p 331]
# https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331
# The provision of the 1936 ordinance was not repealed and was later
# incorporated in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance in 1948.
# Although it was overridden by the 1942 regulations.
# [The Laws of Kenya in force on 1948-09-21, Title I, Chapter 1, 31]
# https://dds.crl.edu/item/217517 (p.101)
# In 1950 the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance was amended to adopt
# GMT+3 permanently as the 1942 regulations were due to expire on 10 December.
# https://books.google.com/books?id=jvR8mUDAwR0C&pg=PA787
# [Ordinance No. 44 of 1950, Kenya Ordinances 1950, Vol. XXIX, p 294]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=-_dQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294

# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-24):
# The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
# so just say "1908 May".

# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-11):
# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1908 May
			2:30	-	+0230	1928 Jun 30 24:00
			3:00	-	EAT	1930 Jan  4 24:00
			2:30	-	+0230	1936 Dec 31 24:00
			2:45	-	+0245	1942 Jul 31 24:00
			3:00	-	EAT

# Liberia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
#
# The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
#
# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
# that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
# 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
# Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
# President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
# Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
#
# Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
# abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
			-0:44:30 -	MMT	1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
			 0:00	-	GMT

###############################################################################

# Libya

# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
#
# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
#
# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
# lastFri instead of lastSun).

# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
# cancelled yesterday....
# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1954	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1955	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1956	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1982	1984	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1982	1985	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1985	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
			2:00	-	EET	1982
			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
			2:00	-	EET

# Mauritius

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
# Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
# basis....
# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
# 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
# http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
# The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
# final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
# would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.

# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
# Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
# According to
# http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
# (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
# than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
# date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
# given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
#
# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
# changes two days later.

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
# Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
# published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
#
# I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html

# From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
# The Government of Mauritius weblink
# http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
# Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
#
# 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
# of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
# Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
# the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
# States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
# last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
# the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
# and end on 29 March 2009.

# From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
# THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
# beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
# morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
# http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
# According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
# DST the coming summer...
#
# Some sources, in French:
# http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
# http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
#
# Our wrap-up:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
# "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
# at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
			4:00 Mauritius	+04/+05
# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius


# Morocco
# See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco.

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
# Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
# 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
#
# "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
# be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
# http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
# Presse:
# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
#
# Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
# spokesman.

# From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
# According to this article:
# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
# (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
# the changes occur at midnight:
#
# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
#
# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
# June 1st to Sept 27th.
#
# The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
# published on the web.
#
# It's also confirmed here:
# http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
# posted in English).
#
# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
# of September:
#
# One article about it (in French):
# http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
#
# We have some further details posted here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
# Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
# to many sources, such as
# http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
# http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
# (French)
#
# Our summary:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
# Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
#
# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
# concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
# Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
# advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
#
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
# Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
# of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
# 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
#
# Example:
# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
# (French)
# Our page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html

# From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
# ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
# ...Official links of change in morocco
# The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
# I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
# +212.537.71.84.00
# http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
# They said that
# http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
# is the official publication to look at.
# They said that the decision was already taken.
#
# More articles in the press
# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
# http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim

# From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
# They have it written in English here:
# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
#
# It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
# 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
# wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
# also been like that in the past.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
# http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
# Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
# the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
# last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
# except the month of Ramadan.
# or (brief)
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
# The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
# effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
# it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
# Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
# start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.

# From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
# Seen Morocco change again:
# http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
# comme annoncé précédemment."

# From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
# The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
#
# Google translation, lightly edited:
# Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
# Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
# 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
# Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
# of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
# of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
# Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
# 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
# August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.

# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
# announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288

# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
# source (French):
# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html

# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp

# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586

# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
# Source (french):
# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
#
# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
#
# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
# <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
# with the patch.

# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
#
# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
# the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
# about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
# as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
# that 64% of asked people are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan

# From Naoufal Semlali (2019-04-16):
# Morocco will be on GMT starting from Sunday, May 5th 2019 at 3am.
# The switch to GMT+1 will occur on Sunday, June 9th 2019 at 2am....
# http://fr.le360.ma/societe/voici-la-date-du-retour-a-lheure-legale-au-maroc-188222

# From Semlali Naoufal (2020-04-14):
# Following the announcement by the Moroccan government, the switch to
# GMT time will take place on Sunday, April 19, 2020 from 3 a.m. and
# the return to GMT+1 time will take place on Sunday, May 31, 2020 at 2 a.m....
# https://maroc-diplomatique.net/maroc-le-retour-a-lheure-gmt-est-prevu-dimanche-prochain/
# http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/gmt1-retour-a-lheure-normale-dimanche-prochain-1
#
# From Milamber (2020-05-31)
# In Morocco (where I live), the end of Ramadan (Arabic month) is followed by
# the Eid al-Fitr, and concretely it's 1 or 2 day offs for the people (with
# traditional visiting of family, big lunches/dinners, etc.).  So for this
# year the astronomical calculations don't include the following 2 days off in
# the calc.  These 2 days fall in a Sunday/Monday, so it's not acceptable by
# people to have a time shift during these 2 days off.  Perhaps you can modify
# the (predicted) rules for next years: if the end of Ramadan is a (probable)
# Friday or Saturday (and so the 2 days off are on a weekend), the next time
# shift will be the next weekend.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2020-05-31):
# For now, guess that in the future Morocco will fall back at 03:00
# the last Sunday before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the
# first Sunday after two days after Ramadan.  To implement this,
# transition dates and times for 2019 through 2087 were determined by
# running the following program under GNU Emacs 26.3.  (This algorithm
# also produces the correct transition dates for 2016 through 2018,
# though the times differ due to Morocco's time zone change in 2018.)
# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
#   (require 'cal-islam)
#   (while (< islamic-year 1511)
#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
#           (b (+ 2 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
#           (sunday 0))
#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
#         (setq b (1+ b)))
#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
#       (insert
#        (format
#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
#
# From Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10), confirming these predictions:
# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076
# https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	31	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	30	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Mar	 5	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Feb	 2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 9	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Sep	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Nov	 7	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Sep	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Sep	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Oct	14	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Aug	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Aug	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Sep	21	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Aug	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Sep	13	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Jul	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Aug	28	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Jul	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Jul	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Aug	12	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jun	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jul	28	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jun	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	May	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	Jul	 4	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	May	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	Jun	26	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	May	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	Jun	18	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Apr	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Jun	 2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	Apr	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	May	25	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	May	17	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	Mar	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	May	 2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Mar	12	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Mar	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Feb	17	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Feb	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Mar	23	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Feb	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Mar	 7	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Jan	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Jan	 8	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Feb	19	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Dec	31	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Feb	 4	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Dec	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Jan	27	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Dec	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Nov	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Jan	 3	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Nov	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Dec	26	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Nov	 6	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Dec	11	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Oct	21	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Oct	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Nov	24	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Nov	 9	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Sep	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Nov	 1	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Sep	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Oct	16	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Aug	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Aug	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Sep	30	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Aug	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Sep	15	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Jul	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Sep	 6	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Jul	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Aug	29	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Jul	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Aug	14	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Jun	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Aug	 6	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jun	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jul	21	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jun	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jul	13	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	May	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	Jul	 5	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	May	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	Jun	20	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Apr	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Jun	11	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Apr	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Jun	 3	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	Apr	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	May	19	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	Mar	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	May	11	 2:00	0	-
# For dates after the somewhat-arbitrary cutoff of 2087, assume that
# Morocco will no longer observe DST.  At some point this table will
# need to be extended, though quite possibly Morocco will change the
# rules first.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
			 1:00	-	+01	1986
			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00

# Western Sahara
#
# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
# Morocco does.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.

Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00

# Botswana
# Burundi
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern)
# Malawi
# Mozambique
# Rwanda
# Zambia
# Zimbabwe
#
# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# merely made it official?
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
			2:00	-	CAT

# Namibia

# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
# and includes this nugget:
# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
# Sunday 4 September 1994.

# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...

# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
# of the country.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers

# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
# This video is from the government decision:
# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html

# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
# with Namibia's neighbors.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
#Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
#Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
#Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
# End of rearguard section.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
			2:00	Namibia	%s
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
#			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
#			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
#			2:00	-	CAT
# End of rearguard section.


# Angola
# Benin
# Cameroon
# Central African Republic
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (western)
# Republic of the Congo
# Equatorial Guinea
# Gabon
# Niger
# Nigeria

# From P Chan (2020-12-03):
# GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01.
# Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446%2C5221%2C1931%2C1235
# says "It is officially notified that on and after the 1st of July 1905
# Greenwich Mean Solar Time will be adopted thought the Colony and
# Protectorate, and that it will be necessary to put all clocks 13 minutes and
# 35 seconds back, recording local mean time."
#
# It seemed that Lagos returned to LMT on 1908-07-01.
# [The Lagos Standard], 1908-07-01, p 5
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31556#?c=0&m=78&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-92%2C3590%2C3944%2C2523
# says "Scarcely have the people become accustomed to this new time, when
# another official notice has now appeared announcing that from and after the
# 1st July next, return will be made to local mean time."
#
# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
# On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria.
# Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916),
# p 27
# https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1914/3064634_1914_opt.pdf#page=27
# "On January 1st [1914], a universal standard time for Nigeria was adopted,
# viz., half an hour fast on Greenwich mean time, corresponding to the meridian
# 7 [degrees] 30' E. long."
# Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1915) says "Hitherto the time observed in Lagos
# was the local mean time. On 1st January, 1914, standard time for the whole of
# Nigeria was introduced ... Lagos time has been advanced about 16 minutes
# accordingly."
#
# In 1919, standard time was changed to GMT+1.
# Interpretation Ordinance (Cap 2)
# The Laws of Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the
# 1st Day of January, 1923, Vol.I [p 16]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=BOMrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16
# "The expression 'Standard time' means standard time as used in Nigeria:
# namely, 60 minutes in advance of Greenwich mean time.  (As amended by 18 of
# 1919, s. 2.)"
# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10):
# The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first
# reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on
# Thursday 1919-08-28:
# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558?terms&item_id=303484#?m=1118&c=1&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1261%2C3408%2C2994%2C1915
# "The proposal is that the Globe should be divided into twelve zones East and
# West of Greenwich, of one hour each, Nigeria falling into the zone with a
# standard of one hour fast on Greenwich Mean Time.  Nigeria standard time is
# now 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time ... according to the new
# proposal, standard time will be advanced another 30 minutes".  It was further
# proposed that the firing of the time guns likewise be adjusted by 30 minutes
# to compensate.
# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10), per P Chan (2020-12-11):
# The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52,
# shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on
# the 1st day of September, 1919."
# Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec, Reference: 73266B-40,
# img 245-246
# https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:35 -	LMT	1905 Jul  1
			0:00	-	GMT	1908 Jul  1
			0:13:35	-	LMT	1914 Jan  1
			0:30	-	+0030	1919 Sep  1
			1:00	-	WAT

# São Tomé and Príncipe

# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
# they entered the year 2018.
# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017

# From Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29):
# São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019:
# https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/
#
# From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
# https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
# ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
# coordinated time, will be reinstituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]

Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
		#STDOFF	-0:36:44.68
			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
			 1:00	-	WAT	2019 Jan  1 02:00
			 0:00	-	GMT

# Eswatini (Swaziland)
# Lesotho
# South Africa

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
			2:00	SA	SAST
#
# Marion and Prince Edward Is
# scientific station since 1947
# no information

# Sudan

# From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
# Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
# Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
# Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.

# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
			2:00	-	CAT

# South Sudan

# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18):
# "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1
# hour on February 1, 2021...."
# from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
			3:00	-	EAT	2021 Feb  1 00:00
			2:00	-	CAT

# Tunisia

# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
# this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
# <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
# and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
# one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1.  Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
# UTC+2 instead of UTC+1.  The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
# Saturday."  (My translation)
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
# ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
# 1h standard time.
#
# From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
# The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
# Beginning      : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# Ending         : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
# According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
# (Arabic)
# http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
#
# We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
# We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
# Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
#
# Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
#
# (in English)
# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
#
# (in Arabic)
# http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
# According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
#
# (translation):
# "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
# Sunday...
# Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
# coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
#
# (in Arabic)
# http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
# http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	25	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Apr	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Sep	24	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1988	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1988	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	1989	only	-	Mar	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	1990	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# See Europe/Paris commentary for PMT-related transitions.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
# tzdb data for Antarctica and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
# COMNAP - Stations and Bases
# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
# and
# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
# for information.
# Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.

# FORMAT is '-00' and STDOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.

# Argentina - year-round bases
# Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
# Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
#	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)

# Australia - territories
# Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
#	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
#	Margaret Turner reports
#	https://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
#	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
#	presumably this is when they have visitors.
#
# year-round bases
# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
# Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
#	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
# Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
# Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
# Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
# Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
# Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
# The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
#
# Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
# http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
#
# We have more background information here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
#
# - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
# The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
# has not been decided yet.
#
# - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
# 20:00 UTC.
#
# - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
#
# Background:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28):
# Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
# zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016".

# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-02, as corrected):
# Based on information we have received from the Australian Antarctic
# Division, Casey station and Macquarie Island station will move to Tasmanian
# daylight savings time on Sunday 4 October. This will take effect from 0001
# hrs on Sunday 4 October 2020 and will mean Casey and Macquarie Island will
# be on the same time zone as Hobart.  Some past dates too for this 3 hour
# time change back and forth between UTC+8 and UTC+11 for Casey:
# - 2018 Oct  7 4:00 - 2019 Mar 17 3:00 - 2019 Oct  4 3:00 - 2020 Mar  8 3:00
# and now - 2020 Oct  4 0:01

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Antarctica/Casey	 0	-	-00	1969
			 8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
			11:00	-	+11	2010 Mar  5  2:00
			 8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
			 8:00	-	+08	2018 Oct  7  4:00
			11:00	-	+11	2019 Mar 17  3:00
			 8:00	-	+08	2019 Oct  4  3:00
			11:00	-	+11	2020 Mar  8  3:00
			 8:00	-	+08	2020 Oct  4  0:01
			11:00	-	+11
Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
			7:00	-	+07	2009 Oct 18  2:00
			5:00	-	+05	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
			7:00	-	+07	2011 Oct 28  2:00
			5:00	-	+05	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
			7:00	-	+07
Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
			6:00	-	+06	2009 Oct 18  2:00
			5:00	-	+05
# References:
# Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
# Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
# Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html

# Belgium - year-round base
# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007

# Brazil - year-round base
# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4

# Bulgaria - year-round base
# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988

# Chile - year-round bases and towns
# Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
# Prat, -6230-05941
# Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
# These locations employ Region of Magallanes time; use
# TZ='America/Punta_Arenas'.

# China - year-round bases
# Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
# Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26

# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
#
# From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
# (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
# from Tasmania.
#
# French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
#
# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
#	see Asia/Dubai.
#
# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
#	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
#
# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
#	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
#
# Kerguelen - see Indian/Maldives.
#
# year-round base in the main continent
# Dumont d'Urville - see Pacific/Port_Moresby.

# France & Italy - year-round base
# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005

# Germany - year-round base
# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009

# India - year-round bases
# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989

# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986

# Japan - year-round bases
# See Asia/Riyadh.

# S Korea - year-round base
# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
# King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988

# New Zealand - claims
# Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
# Scott Island (never inhabited)
#
# year-round base
# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
# See Pacific/Auckland.

# Norway - territories
# Bouvet (never inhabited)
#
# claims
# Peter I Island (never inhabited)
#
# year-round base
# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
#
# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tz 2014b or later, so as
# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	+01
Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	+02
#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	+01
#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	+00
# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	+00
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	-00	2005 Feb 12
			0:00	Troll	%s

# Poland - year-round base
# Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977

# Romania - year-bound base
# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986

# Russia - year-round bases
# Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
# Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
# Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
#	year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
# Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
#	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992

# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
# See Asia/Urumqi.

# S Africa - year-round bases
# Marion Island, -4653+03752
# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997

# Ukraine - year-round base
# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954

# United Kingdom
#
# British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
# South Orkney Islands
#	scientific station from 1903
#	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
# South Shetland Islands
#
# year-round bases
# Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
# Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
#	scientific station 1943/1967,
#	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
#	and a garrison was deployed briefly
# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
#	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
#	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
# Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
#
# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
# <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	-00	1976 Dec  1
			-3:00	-	-03

# Uruguay - year round base
# Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107

# USA - year-round bases
#
# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
#
# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
#
# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
# Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
# stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
# but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
# as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
# which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
#
# From Susan Smith
# http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
# We use the same time as McMurdo does.
# And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
# One last quirk about South Pole time.
# All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
# Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
# makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
# we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
# Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
#
# See Pacific/Auckland.
# tzdb data for Asia and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
#
# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
# (corrections are welcome):
#	     std  dst
#	     LMT	Local Mean Time
#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
#	5:30 IST	India
#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
#	8:00 CST	China
#	8:00 HKT  HKST	Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippines
#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
#	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
# *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
#
# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.

# From Guy Harris:
# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
# Worldwide Edition).

###############################################################################

# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# Afghanistan
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
			4:00	-	+04	1945
			4:30	-	+0430

# Armenia
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
# readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
# when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
# follow Russia's "old" rules.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
#
# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
# or
# (brief)
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
			4:00	-	+04	1997
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05

# Azerbaijan

# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf

# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
# daylight saving time....
# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
			4:00	-	+04	1996
			4:00	EUAsia	+04/+05	1997
			4:00	Azer	+04/+05

# Bangladesh
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
#
# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
#
# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
# June
# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
# crippling power crisis. "
#
# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
#
# Some sources:
# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
#
# Our wrap-up:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html

# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
#
# No DST end date has been announced yet.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
#
# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
# "continue for an indefinite period."
#
# One of many places where it is published:
# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
#
# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
#
# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
# Minister's Office last night..."

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
			6:30	-	+0630	1951 Sep 30
			6:00	-	+06	2009
			6:00	Dhaka	+06/+07

# Bhutan
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
			5:30	-	+0530	1987 Oct
			6:00	-	+06

# British Indian Ocean Territory
# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
			5:00	-	+05	1996
			6:00	-	+06

# Cocos (Keeling) Islands
# Myanmar (Burma)

# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
			6:30	-	+0630

# China

# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
# According to this news report:
# http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
# on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
# forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
# not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
# similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
# recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
# Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
# The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
# given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
# the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time.  Though the scheme was
# generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
# not be repeated."
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Apr	12	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S

# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
# The following comes from Table 1 of:
# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.

# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
#
# For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
# actually slightly more complex than the table [below]....  At the time,
# there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
# International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
# its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
# to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
# rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
# force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime).  It was
# additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
# Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
# departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
# period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
# hours.
#
# For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
# itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
# public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
# spring forward the clock.  On the other hand, the custom office refused to
# spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
# clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
# business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
# match rest of the city.  So is travel agents, and also weather
# observatory.  It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
# city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
# clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
# unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
# in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
# their clock to their preferred time.
#
# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
# Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
# the same date as Shanghai".
#
# b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
# so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
# after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
# original schedule ten days earlier.
#
# c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
# "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
# cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
# City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
# the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
# regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
# to situation before that announcement)
#
# d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
# the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
# October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
# rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
# to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
# French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
# November 1.
#
# e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
# States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
# international settlement, taken over its control
#
# f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
# started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
# department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
#
# g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
# end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
# Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
# the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
# September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
# period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
# might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.

# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
# According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
# from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
# the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time.  Which indicate some
# use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
# the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
# of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan

# From Guy Harris:
# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
#
# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
#
#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
#     1987 mid-April - ??

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10

# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
# observing daylight saving time in 1986.

# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
# Government notices about summer time:
#
# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
#
# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
#
# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
#
# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
#
# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
# to begin on 17 April.
# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D

# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
# boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
#
# (1)
# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
# could well have ignored any such mandate.
#
# (2)
# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
# [undated and unknown publication location]
# It says several things:
#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
#     the official calendar book of 1914.
#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
#     became used by railways as well.
#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
#     Japanese-occupied territory.
#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
#
# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
#
# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
#
# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
#
# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
# most of China
# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
#
# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
#
# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
# the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
#
# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
# and Yarkand.

# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
# they implicitly use Beijing time.
#
# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
#
# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
#
# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
# or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
# others moving their clocks ahead.)

# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
#
# 1. Wulumuqi...
# 2. Kashi...
# 3. Urumqi...
# 4. Kashgar...
# ...
# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
#
# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
# start date for Xinjiang time.
#
# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)

# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html

# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
# having the same time as Beijing.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
#
# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
# +08 mandate back then.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
		#STDOFF	8:05:43.2
Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
			8:00	PRC	C%sT
# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
# Vostok base in Antarctica matches this since 1970.
Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
			6:00	-	+06

# Hong Kong

# Milne gives 7:36:41.7.

# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
# think 3:30 is correct.

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
# According to Singaporean newspaper
# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
# <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
#
# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
#
# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
# page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
# of broadcasting the new local time.
#
# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
# See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
# captured by Japan.
#
# Image of related sections on newspaper:
# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png

# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
# "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
# "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
# clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
# by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
# operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
# introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced

# From P Chan (2018-12-31):
# * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
#   1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
# * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
#   resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
#	https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
#	https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
#	https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
# * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
#   04-21 at 00:00.  The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
#	https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
#   The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
#	https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
# * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
#   transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
#	http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
# * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
#   Summer Time Ordinance 1953
#	https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
#   Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
#	https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
#   Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
#	https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
#   Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
#   Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
#	https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
#   Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
#	https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39

# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
# Here are the dates given at
# https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
# as of 2020-02-10:
# Year        Period
# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
# 1942        Whole year
# 1943        Whole year
# 1944        Whole year
# 1945        Whole year
# 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
# 1947        13 Apr to 30 Nov
# 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
# 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
# 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
# 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
# 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
# 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
# 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
# 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
# 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
# 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
# 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
# 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
# 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
# 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
# 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
# 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
# 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
# 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
# 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
# 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
# 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
# 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
# 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
# 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
# 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
# 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1977        Nil
# 1978        Nil
# 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
# 1980 to Now Nil
# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	21	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30s	0	-
Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30s	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Nov	30	3:30s	0	-
Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30s	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1948	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=28	3:30s	0	-
Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1953	1964	-	Oct	Sun>=31	3:30	0	-
Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	13	3:30	1:00	S
Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	21	3:30	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	7:36:41.7
Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 29 17:00u
			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:00
			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
			8:00	0:30	HKWT	1941 Dec 25
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Nov 18  2:00
			8:00	HK	HK%sT

###############################################################################

# Taiwan

# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.

# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
# found on Wikisource:
# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
# declared officially.
#
# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
# be found on Wikisource:
# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
#
# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.

# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
# that:
#
# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
#
# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
#
# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
# Time.
#
# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf

# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
# would be a good one.
# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener

# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
#
# Original Bulletin:
# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
#
# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
#
# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
#
# Here is a brief translation:
#
#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
#
# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
# be found from historical government announcement database.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
			8:00	-	CST	1937 Oct  1
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT

# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
#
# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
# * LegisMac
#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
#   searching decrees about summer time.
# * Archives of Macao
#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
#
# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
#
# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
			8:00	Macau	C%sT


###############################################################################

# Cyprus

# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.

# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
#
# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/

# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	Oct	11	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cyprus	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Cyprus	1977	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cyprus	1978	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cyprus	1979	1997	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT

# Georgia
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
#
# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
#
# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
#
# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
# of integration into Europe.

# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
# about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.

# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
# Go with Byalokoz.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04	1992
			3:00 E-EurAsia	+03/+04	1994 Sep lastSun
			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	1996 Oct lastSun
			4:00	1:00	+05	1997 Mar lastSun
			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	2004 Jun 27
			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
			4:00	-	+04

# East Timor

# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.

# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
# East Timor may be late for its millennium
# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
# conflicts with their way of life.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.

# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
# (2000-08-16):
# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
# midnight on Saturday, September 16.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb 21 23:00
			9:00	-	+09	1976 May  3
			8:00	-	+08	2000 Sep 17  0:00
			9:00	-	+09

# India

# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382

# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
# (2015-12-22):
# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
#
# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
#
# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
# 1941-1945 data.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
			5:30	-	IST
# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
#	Andaman Is
#	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
#	Nicobar Is

# Indonesia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
# civil time was 7:07:12.5.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
# (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
# switched on 1945-09-23.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
#
# WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
# WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Java, Sumatra
		#STDOFF	7:07:12.5
Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
# but this must be a typo.
			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
			7:20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
			7:30	-	+0730	1964
			7:00	-	WIB
# west and central Borneo
Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
			7:30	-	+0730	1964
			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
			7:00	-	WIB
# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
			8:00	-	WITA
# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
			9:00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
			9:30	-	+0930	1964
			9:00	-	WIT

# Iran

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
# Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
# Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
# https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
# Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
# https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
# Here's my translation:
#
# "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
# in Provinces
# Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
# According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
# now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
# circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
# Greenwich)....
#
# I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
# Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
# know when it switched to +03:30.  For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
# Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
# This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
# March 20, 1978, page 2:
#
# "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
# As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
# new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
# work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
# On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
# pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
# [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
# In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
# of the previous years by one hour and a half.
# According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
# the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
# be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
# forenoon."
#
# This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
# done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
#
#
# This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
# page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
# just in time for Ramadan that year:
#
# "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
# At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
# clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
# forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
# This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
# [=1978-07-16], [...]
# At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
# year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
# Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
# the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
# because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
# pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
# year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
# time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
#
# This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
# clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
# long weekend in Iran).

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
# [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
# to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
# Here's the quotes from the paper:
# 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
# March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
# in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
# observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
# put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
# observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
# means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
# midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
# than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
# Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
# hours in summer).'
#
# The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
# Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
# https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
# (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
#
# 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
# daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
#
# This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
#
# The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
# Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
# still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
# onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).

# From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
# UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
#
#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
#
#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
#
#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
#
#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
#	Shahrivar.
#
#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
#
# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
# plan to change that law....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
# Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
# after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
# Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
# is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
# Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
#
# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
# daylight saving time ...
# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
#
# From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
# Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
# ...
# Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
# (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
Rule	Iran	1910	only	-	Jan	 1	00:00	0	-
#
Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Aug	 5	01:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	May	26	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
			3:25:44	-	TMT	1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
			4:00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430


# Iraq
#
# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
#
# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
#
# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
# news sources (in Arabic):
# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
#
# We have published a short article in English about the change:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
#
Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
			3:00	-	+03	1982 May
			3:00	Iraq	+03/+04


###############################################################################

# Israel

# For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
# Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
# 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564

# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
#
# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
# different abbreviations in use:
#
# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
#
# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
# settings in Israeli computers.
#
# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
# family is from India).

# From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
#
# 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
# # issue page  Order No.   dated      start        end         note
# 1 1010  729  67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
# 2 1013  758  73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31  1940-09-30
# 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16  1940-12-31
# 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31  1941-12-31
# 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31  1942-12-31* amended by #6
# 6 1228 1608  86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31  1942-10-31
# 7 1256  279  21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31  1943-10-31
# 8 1323  249  19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31  1944-10-31
# 9 1402  328  20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15  1945-10-31
#10 1487  596  14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15  1946-10-31
#
# 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
# #    issue    page   dated      start       end
#11 2             7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
#	^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
#12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
#
# 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
# # issue page  dated      start       end            note
#13    6  133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30  1949-10-31
#14   80  755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15  1950-09-14
#15  164  782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31  1951-09-29* amended by #16
#16  206 1940 1951-09-23 ----------  1951-10-22* amended by #17
#17  212   78 1951-10-19 ----------  1951-11-10
#18  254  652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19  1952-09-27* amended by #19
#19  300   11 1952-09-15 ----------  1952-10-18
#20  348  817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11  1953-09-12
#21  420  385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12  1954-09-11
#22  497  548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11  1955-09-10
#23  591  608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02  1956-09-29
#24  680  957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27  1957-09-21
#25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06  1974-10-12
#26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19  1975-08-30
#27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02  1980-09-13
#28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
#29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05  1984-08-25
#30 4744  475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13  1985-09-14* amended by #31
#31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ----------  1985-08-31
#32 4932  899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17  1986-09-06
#33 5013  580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
#34 5021  744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14  1987-09-12
#35 5096  659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09  1988-09-03
#36 5167  514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29  1989-09-02
#37 5248  375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24  1990-08-25
#38 5335  612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31	 amended by #39
#			 1992-03-28  1992-09-05
#39 5339  709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23  ----------
#40 5506  503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02  1993-09-05
#			 1994-04-01  1994-08-28
#			 1995-03-31  1995-09-03
#41 5731  438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14  1996-09-15
#			 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
#			 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
#42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19  1998-09-05
#43 5937   77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02  1999-09-03
#			 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
#			 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
#44 6024   39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14  2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
#			 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
#			 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
#
# These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
# transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
#				dated		start		end
# 1997 Temporary Provisions	1997-03-06	1997-03-20	1997-09-13
# 2000 Temporary Provisions	2000-07-28	----------	2000-10-06
#						2001-04-09	2001-09-24
#						2002-03-29	2002-10-07
#						2003-03-28	2003-10-03
#						2004-04-07	2004-09-22
# Note:
# Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
# in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
# in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
# in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Links:
# 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
# 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
# 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
# 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
# 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
# 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
# 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
# 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
# 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
#10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
#11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
#12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
#13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
#14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
#15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
#16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
#17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
#18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
#19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
#20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
#21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
#22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
#23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
#24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
#25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
#26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
#27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
#28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
#29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
#30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
#31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
#32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
#33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
#34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
#35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
#36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
#37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
#38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
#39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
#40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
#41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
#42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
#43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
#44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
#
# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
#
# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
#
# Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
# https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174

# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
# Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
# are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s?  When resolving these ambiguities,
# try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
# Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	May	31	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Sep	30	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Nov	16	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1942	1946	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1943	1944	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1945	1946	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	22	24:00u	2:00	DD
Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Aug	31	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	Apr	30	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	14	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	10	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	19	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	18	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	11	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	12	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	12	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	11	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	10	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	27	24:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	21	24:00u	0	S
Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 6	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	19	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	30	24:00	0	S

# From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
# http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
# From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
# Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
# https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
# You can of course read it in translation.
# I checked the local newspapers for that years.
# It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
# From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
# Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Aug	 2	24:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Sep	13	24:00s	0	S
Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	May	 5	24:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	Aug	25	24:00s	0	S

Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	17	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 6	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	14	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S

# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
# ends and changes to Sunday.
Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	24:00	0	S

# From Ephraim Silverberg
# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
# and 2005-02-17):

# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	29	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 2	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	25	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	23	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	28	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 5	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S

# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S

# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
# time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
#
#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
#
# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
#
# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
#
#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
#
#       where YYYY is the relevant year.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	14	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	13	24:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S

# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
# years 2001-2004 as well.
#
# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
#
#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
#
# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
#
#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Sep	24	1:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Mar	29	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Oct	 7	1:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Mar	28	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Oct	 3	1:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Apr	 7	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S

# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
#
# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
#
#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Apr	Fri<=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2007	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2008	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S

# From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
# The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
# (in Hebrew) at:
# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
# It translates to:
# Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
# the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
# of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
# hour such that it will be UTC+3.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
			2:00	Zion	I%sT



###############################################################################

# Japan

# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.

# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
# Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
# timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
# with hour length depending on season.  In 1873 the government
# started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock.  See:
# Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
# <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>.  As the tzdb code and
# data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
# 1873 using Western-style local mean time.

# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.

# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
# which stands for the time on 135° E.
# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
# standard....
#
# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.

# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
#
# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件

# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."

# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
# [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
# deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
# wanted to keep it.)

# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
# The source of information is Japanese law.
# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.

# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
# of the summer time is described in the document.
# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
# change the clock before they sleep.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
# which should be safe now.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
			9:00	Japan	J%sT
# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.

# Jordan
#
# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
# all year round.
#
# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
# government's departments from six to seven hours.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
#

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
#
# Google's translation:
#
# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
# > of the month of March of each year.
#
# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
# until about the same time next year (at least).
# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
# Official, in Arabic:
# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
# ... Our background/permalink about it
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
# ...
# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).

# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
# The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
# in February instead of March:
# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
# From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
# (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.

# From Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):
# The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
# that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....
#
# From Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):
# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
# Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1993	1998	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Jordan	2014	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Jordan	2022	only	-	Feb	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00s
			3:00	-	+03


# Kazakhstan

# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
#
# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
# was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
# everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
#
# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
#
# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
# text.
#
# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
# -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
# transition to "summer" time:
# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
# Other territories were to not move clocks.
# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
#
# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
# was one of such changes.
#
# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
# move clocks.)
#
# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
#
# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
# time belt).
#
# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
#
# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
# and the fifth time belts respectively.
#
# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
# result)....
#
# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
#
# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
# time belt.
#
# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
#
# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
# replaces the previous five documents.
#
# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
#
# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
#
# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
# amended before implementation happened.
#
# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
#
# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
#
# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
# time.
#
# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
# oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
# according to wikipedia.)
#
# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
# how that could happen....
#
# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).

# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
# (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
# effective December 21st, 2018....
# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
#
# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			6:00	-	+06
# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
			5:00	-	+05
#
# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
# reorganization.
Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			6:00	-	+06

# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			5:00	-	+05
# Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
# so include timestamps before 1963.
Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			5:00	-	+05
# Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
Zone	Asia/Atyrau	3:27:44	-	LMT	1924 May  2
			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1999 Mar 28  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			5:00	-	+05
# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
			5:00	-	+05

# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Aug 31  2:00
			5:00	Kyrgyz	+05/+06	2005 Aug 12
			6:00	-	+06

###############################################################################

# Korea (North and South)

# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
# between 1987 and 1988 ...

# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
# According to the Korean Wikipedia
# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
# date in South Korea should be
# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
# ...
# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.


# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S

# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
#
# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
#       (Announcement No. 338)
# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
#
# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
#
# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
#
# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
# have no information otherwise.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.

# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
#
# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
			9:00	ROK	K%sT	1954 Mar 21
			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
			9:00	ROK	K%sT
Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
			9:00	-	KST


# Lebanon
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1972	only	-	Jun	22	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1972	1977	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1973	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1984	1987	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1984	1991	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1988	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1989	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT

# Brunei
# Malaysia (eastern)
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
#
# For peninsular Malaysia see Asia/Singapore.
#
# Sabah & Sarawak
# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
			7:30	-	+0730	1933
			8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
			8:00	-	+08

# Maldives
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
			5:00	-	+05

# Mongolia

# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
# General Information Mongolia
# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
# eight hours."

# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
# of implementation may have been different....
# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
# is good enough for our purposes.

# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
# there are three time zones.
#
# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
#
# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]

# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
# He also found
# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.

# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742

# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
# database on this, e.g.:
#
# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
#
# both say GMT+08:00.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
# schedule here:
# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
# (click the English flag for English)
#
# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
# this is almost surely wrong.

# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
#
# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
# the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.

# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
# saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192

Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
			6:00	-	+06	1978
			7:00	Mongol	+07/+08
# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
			7:00	-	+07	1978
			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
			7:00	-	+07	1978
			8:00	-	+08	1983 Apr
			9:00	Mongol	+09/+10	2008 Mar 31
			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09

# Nepal
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
			5:30	-	+0530	1986
			5:45	-	+0545

# Pakistan

# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.

# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
#
# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
#
# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
#
# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
#
# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
# instead of August 31.
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
# official working."
# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
#
# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
#
# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
# April 08, 2009
# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
#
# ....
# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
# conserve energy"

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
# this regard."
# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
# October 1, 2009.
#
# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
# Monday."
#
# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
#
# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html

# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
# >
# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
#
# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
#
# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
			5:30	-	+0530	1951 Sep 30
			5:00	-	+05	1971 Mar 26
			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time

# Palestine

# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
#
# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
#
# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
# though.
#
# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
# East Jerusalem.
#
# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
#
# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
# Jordanian one).
#
# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
#
# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
#
# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
# have one).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
# to Palestine's rules.

# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
#
# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
# the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
# the West Bank.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
# > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
# because of the Ramadan.

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
# surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
#
# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
#
# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
#
# (in Arabic)
# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
#
# (English translation)
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
#
# One news source:
# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
#
# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
# end date, we will keep this page updated:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
#
# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
#
# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
# (from Palestinian National Authority):
# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
#
# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
# (in Arabic)
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
# noon though:
#
# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
# (Ma'an News Agency)
# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
# According to several sources, including
# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
# Gaza and the West Bank.
# Some more background info:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
# Ramadan.
#
# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
# Additional info:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
# ...
# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
# 00:00).
# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
#
# Many sources, including:
# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808

# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
# Some of many sources in Arabic:
# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
#
# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
#
# Our brief summary:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
# official source...:
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252

# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.

# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."

# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.

# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817

# From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
# http://pnn.ps/news/401130
# http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
#
# From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
# The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
# be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
# http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
#
# From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
# Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....

# From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
# Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
# Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
# midnight last year...
# https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
#
# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
# The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
# a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
# delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
# Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948

# From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
# As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
# shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584

# From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
# The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583

# From P Chan (2021-10-18):
# http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
# Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
#
# From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
# by 60 minutes backwards.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
# Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
# last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.

# From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
# summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.

# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
# 60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-31):
# For now, assume that this rule will also be used after 2026.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1967	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-

Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	 4	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat<=30	1:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat<=30	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat<=30	0:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat<=30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2021	only	-	Oct	29	1:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2022	only	-	Mar	27	0:00	1:00	S
Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
Rule Palestine	2023	max	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
			2:00	-	EET	2012
			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT

Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT

# Paracel Is
# no information

# Philippines

# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
# History of the International Date Line
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
# but no details]

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time

# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
# so use "PDT", the usual American style.

# From P Chan (2021-05-10):
# Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
# The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
			8:00	Phil	P%sT

# Bahrain
# Qatar
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
			3:00	-	+03

# Kuwait
# Saudi Arabia
# Yemen
#
# Japan's year-round bases in Antarctica match this since 1970.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
# o'clock for "Arab" time).
#
# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
#
# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
# earlier date.
#
# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
			3:00	-	+03

# Singapore
# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
			7:30	-	+0730	1981 Dec 31 16:00u
			8:00	-	+08

# Spratly Is
# no information

# Sri Lanka

# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
# Shanks and Pottenger.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
#
# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).

# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.

# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
# standard time is SLST.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
# zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
# other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
# even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Jan  5
			5:30	0:30	+06	1942 Sep
			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 16  2:00
			5:30	-	+0530	1996 May 25  0:00
			6:30	-	+0630	1996 Oct 26  0:30
			6:00	-	+06	2006 Apr 15  0:30
			5:30	-	+0530

# Syria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1963	1965	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1963	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1964	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1965	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1966	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1966	1976	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1967	1978	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1977	1978	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Apr	9	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Feb	16	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Oct	9	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1987	only	-	Mar	1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1987	1988	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1988	only	-	Mar	15	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Apr	1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1991	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
Rule	Syria	1994	1996	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1994	2005	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	1997	1998	-	Mar	lastMon	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	1999	2006	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
# this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
#
# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
#
# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
#
# which using Google's translate tools says:
# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-

# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
# Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
# Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
# Variation
# Syrian Arab
# Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
#                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
#                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
# Agency (SANA)...
# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
# compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
#
# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
# clocks back 60 minutes).
#
# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
# two examples:
#
# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
# (Arabic, gov-site)
#
# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
#
# Our summary
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)

# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
#
# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
#
# Our brief summary:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):
# Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
# From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
# "This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
# Tuesday 4 October ..."
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
# Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.

Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Syria	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	2012	2022	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Syria	2009	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
			2:00	Syria	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00
			3:00	-	+03

# Tajikistan
# From Shanks & Pottenger.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			5:00	1:00	+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
			5:00	-	+05

# Cambodia
# Christmas I
# Laos
# Thailand
# Vietnam (northern)
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
			7:00	-	+07

# Turkmenistan
# From Shanks & Pottenger.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00
			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00
			5:00	-	+05

# Oman
# Réunion
# Seychelles
# United Arab Emirates
#
# The Crozet Is also observe Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
			4:00	-	+04

# Uzbekistan
# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
			5:00	-	+05
# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
		#STDOFF	4:37:10.8
Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
			5:00	-	+05

# Vietnam (southern)

# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.

# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
# is quoted verbatim in:
# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
# and is the basis for the information below.
#
# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
# the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
# 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
#
# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
# To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
#
# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
#
# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
#
# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
#
# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	7:06:30.13
Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:30 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
			8:00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1
			7:00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
			8:00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
			7:00	-	+07

# From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
#
# The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
# Vietnam since 1975-06-13.  Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
# in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
# details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
#
# For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
# use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
# For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file also includes Pacific islands.

# Notes are at the end of this file

###############################################################################

# Australia

# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	1:00	D

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Northern Territory
Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
# Western Australia
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945

# Queensland
#
# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
# Queensland ceased to.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
# so use Lindeman.
#
# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT

# South Australia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
			9:30	AS	AC%sT

# Tasmania
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AT	1916	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1917	1918	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1918	1919	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	Sun>=29	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
			10:00	AT	AE%sT

# Victoria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AV	AE%sT

# New South Wales
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AN	AE%sT
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
			9:30	AS	AC%sT

# Lord Howe Island
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
			10:30	LH	+1030/+11

# Australian miscellany
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
# no times are set
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# no times are set
#
# Macquarie
# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
# on 4 April.
#
# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	2011
			10:00	AT	AE%sT

# Fiji

# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
#
# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
# amendments:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
#
# Official source:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
#
# A bit more background info here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
#
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# which says
# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
# 2am on February 26 next year.

# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
#
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# states:
#
# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
# on the  23rd of October, 2011.

# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155

# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx

# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx

# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.

# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."

# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.

# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.

# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
# the first Sunday on or after January 12.  January transitions reportedly
# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
# than guessing no DST.
# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848

# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
# start and end.  Bala says it is a short period..."
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
# (2021-10-12):
# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
# internationally."

# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):
# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
# in Fiji for 2022-2023....
# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-27):
# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2014	2018	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2015	2021	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2019	only	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2020	only	-	Dec	20	2:00	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13

# French Polynesia
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
			 -9:00	-	-09
Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
			 -9:30	-	-0930
Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
			-10:00	-	-10
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# it is uninhabited.


# Guam
# N Mariana Is

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time


# Kiribati (Gilbert Is)
# Marshall Is
# Tuvalu
# Wake
# Wallis & Futuna
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
			 12:00	-	+12

# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is)
# See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Kanton	  0	-	-00	1937 Aug 31
			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
			 13:00	-	+13
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
			 14:00	-	+14

# Marshall Is
# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
			 11:00	-	+11	1937
			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
			 12:00	-	+12

# Micronesia
# For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
# For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
			 11:00	-	+11	1937
			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
			 12:00	-	+12	1999
			 11:00	-	+11

# Nauru
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
			12:00	-	+12

# New Caledonia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
			11:00	NC	+11/+12


###############################################################################

# New Zealand
# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
# time to percolate out.
Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT

Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345

# Auckland Is
# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered

# Campbell I
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland

# Cook Is
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
# (page 20)
#
# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
#  Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
#  Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
#  situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
#  West of Greenwich.  (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
#  determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
#  seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
# applies since 1952-10-16.  But there is the possibility that the act just
# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	13:20:56 -	LMT	1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
			-10:39:04 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16
			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930

###############################################################################


# Niue
# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
#   Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
#   Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16	# Alofi
			-11:20	-	-1120	1964 Jul
			-11:00	-	-11

# Norfolk
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
			11:12	-	+1112	1951
			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00s
			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00s
			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00s
			11:00	-	+11	2019 Jul
			11:00	AN	+11/+12

# Palau (Belau)
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
			  9:00	-	+09

# Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
			10:00	-	+10
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
#
# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
#
# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
# See:
# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
#
Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
			11:00	-	+11

# Pitcairn
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
			-8:00	-	-08

# American Samoa
# Midway
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa

# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
# the following info:
#
# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
# Sunday of April 2011."
#
# Background info:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
#
# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
# contain any dates:
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
# Please see
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
#
# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).

# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
#
# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
# The International Date Line Act 2011
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
# accordingly.

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
#
# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
#
# DST
# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
#
# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
#
# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
#
# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
# DST has been cancelled for this year.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
Rule	WS	2012	2021	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
Rule	WS	2012	2020	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
			 13:00	WS	+13/+14

# Solomon Is
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
			11:00	-	+11

# Tokelau
#
# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
# December 31 this year ...
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
# actually was to UT-11 back then.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
# are off by an hour starting in 1901.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
			13:00	-	+13

# Tonga
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:12 -	LMT	1945 Sep 10
			12:20	-	+1220	1961
			13:00	-	+13	1999
			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14


# US minor outlying islands

# Howland, Baker
# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
# until they were abandoned after the war.

# Jarvis
# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

# Johnston
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
#
# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
#
# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
# Minus One Hour".

# Kingman
# uninhabited

# Palmyra
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati


# Vanuatu

# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
#
# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
#
# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
#
# Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
#
# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
#
# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Vanuatu	1973	only	-	Dec	22	12:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1974	only	-	Mar	30	12:00u	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1983	1991	-	Sep	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12

###############################################################################

# NOTES

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#		std	dst
#		LMT		Local Mean Time
#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
#
# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.

###############################################################################

# Australia

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm

# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
#
# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
#
# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
#
# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
#
# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
#
# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.


# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.

# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
# covers New South Wales in particular.

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
# time'.
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
#
# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
#
#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
#
#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
#
# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
#
#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
#
# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
#
# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
#
# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
#
#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
#
#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
#
#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
#
#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
#
#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
#
#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
#
# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.

# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
#
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
#
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
# ACT
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
# SA
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html

# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
# to extend DST together in 2006.
# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
# allude to it.
# But not Queensland
# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html

# Northern Territory

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
# ...
# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.

# Western Australia

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
# #	before reaching parliament.
# ...
# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.

# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
# work at 9.00am.)
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
# everybody again.

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.

# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]

# Queensland

# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E

# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
# October 1989).

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
# me.)

# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
# ...
# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# ...

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.

# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
# WA are trialing DST for three years.
# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf

# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
# Australia and Western Australia....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
# This is confirmed by the section entitled
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
#
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
# coast of the continent.
#
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
# the largest population centre in this zone....
#
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
#
# (2006-12-09):
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
#
# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
#    Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
#    phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
#    way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
#    Texta is the word: 'Why'?
#    "Good question," Mr Pike said.
#    "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."

# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
# introduction of standard time in 1895.


# southeast Australia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html


# South Australia

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C

# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
# is on...

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).

# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....

# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Tasmania

# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
#
# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
#
# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
#
# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
#
# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
#
# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
#
# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/

# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]

# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).

# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
# instead of the first Sunday in October.

# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Victoria

# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]

# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
# in Melbourne, Australia.
#
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
# expected time.
#
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
#
# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# New South Wales

# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
# who notes:
#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
#	I have researched New South Wales time only...

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# See the following official NSW source:
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
#
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
# daylight saving next year.  See:
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
#
# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
#
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
#
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
#
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm

# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.

# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
# towns to use Queensland time.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Yancowinna

# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
# # presently available.
# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
# [followed by other Rules]

# Lord Howe Island

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
#					[ Dec 1990 ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
# summer (southern hemisphere).
#
# From
# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
#
# We have a wrap-up here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
###############################################################################

# New Zealand

# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
# ...
# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
# rather than the October 1 value.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
#
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.

# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.

###############################################################################


# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)

# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST.  The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
#
# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時

# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands.  Many reports claim that
# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island.  Some
# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
# incorrect to be same as Guam.  And then in a few Japanese governmental
# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
# Force).  Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.


# Fiji

# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).

# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.

# From the BBC World Service in
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
# of the new millennium.

# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.


# Kiribati

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.

# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).

# Kanton

# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
# island.  (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
# next war.  Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
# airfield for high-end niche tourism.  Kanton has about two dozen
# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.

# Kwajalein

# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
# one side of the international date line to the other."
# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html

# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this.  The article
# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.


# N Mariana Is, Guam

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
# that period of time like the surrounding area.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
# see Asia/Manila.
#
# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
#
# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".

# See also the commentary for Micronesia.


# Marshall Is
# See the commentary for Micronesia.


# Micronesia (and nearby)

# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
#
# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
# ...
# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
#
# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
#
# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
# instructed to use JST at the time.
#
# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
# longitude of the atoll.
# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
# is if they keep their own time back then)
#
# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
#    time of the area.
#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
#    Marshall Islands.
#
# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
# area into 2 timezones:
#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
#    Standard Time)
#
# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
#
# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
# period of time....
#
# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
#
# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
# information can be found.
#
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
#
# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
#
# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
# done, so omit it from the data for now.
#
# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.


# Midway

# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
# air at 6am your time.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.

# Nauru

# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
# ...
# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru

# Norfolk

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf

# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
# other than in 1974/5.  See:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
# (thanks to Michael Deckers).

# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010

# Palau
# See commentary for Micronesia.

# Pitcairn

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
#
#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
#
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
# somehow in light of this proclamation.

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
# ... at midnight.

# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.


# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa

# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm

# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.


# Tonga

# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.

# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.

# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
#
# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
#
# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
#
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# minutes we have lost?"
#
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
# Deckers (2021-03-03):
# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
#
# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
#   Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
#   Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
# 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
#
# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
# this over Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.

# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
#
# I was given this link by John Letts:
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
#
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# (12 + 1 hour DST).

# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.

# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)

# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.

# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
# hour to 1:00am.

# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.

# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.

# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
# In August government was dissolved by the King.  The current prime minister
# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.


###############################################################################

# The International Date Line

# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
#
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
#
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.

# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
# on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
# nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
# independent merchant ships until World War II.

# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
# (2005-03-20):
#
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
# tzdb data for Europe and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
#	which I found in the UCLA library.
#
#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
#	[PDF] (1914-03)
#
#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
#
#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
#	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
#	The full Russian citation is:
#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
#
#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
#	History of Summer Time
#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
#                   std  dst  2dst
#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
#
# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
# which is permanently set to Summer Time.

# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
#	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill

# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png

# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
# which is to be introduced in May....
# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
# so we use 'BDST'.

# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
# and extending this list, which can be found in
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/

# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
#
# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
# are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#	conform with Great Britain.
# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
#
# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
#
# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
#
#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
#
# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
#
# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>.  Malone
# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
# transition for now and just use the latter value.

# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411

# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
#
# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
#
# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
#
# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
#
# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
#
# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
#
# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
#
# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
# being GMT+1.)

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
# and Frethun run in CT.
# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print

# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#	(no summer time)
# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
#
# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST

# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
# and with tests for OpenJDK:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
#
# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
# suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
# not rely on it.
#
# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
# negative SAVE values are used.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-0:25:21.1
Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
# End of rearguard section.


###############################################################################

# Europe

# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
#
# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
# tz database itself, as seen below:
#
# Zone Europe/Paris ...
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Monaco ...
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
#
# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
#
# The rule line to be changed is:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
#
# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
# CET and MET:
#
# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
#
# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
#
# A small step for mankind though 8-)
Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-


# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
#
# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
#
# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
#
# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
#
# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
#
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
#
# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
#
# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
#
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
#
Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
#
# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
# rules (Moscow time)
# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
# Unamended version of the act of the
# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
#
# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
#
# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
# to be standard.

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
#	Postfach 3345
#	D-38023 Braunschweig
#	phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Austria

# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.

# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22):
# In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
# Shanks had this right.  Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
			1:00	-	CET	1946
			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Belarus
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
#
# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
#
# Sources (Russian language):
# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
#
# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			3:00	-	+03

# Belgium
# Luxembourg
# Netherlands
#
# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
# The exposition in the web page
# https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
# gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
# the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
# This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
#   In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
#   Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
#   sixty minutes ahead.  Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
#   continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves.  Reflecting the spirit of
#   resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
# The song ended:
#   Putting your clock forward
#   Will but hasten the happy hour
#   When we kick out the Boches!
# See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
# Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
# https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
#
# Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
# <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
#	pp 8-9.
# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 00:17:30
			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Bulgaria
#
# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Cyprus
# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.

# Czech Republic (Czechia)
# Slovakia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
# End of rearguard section.
			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Faroe Is
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
			 0:00	-	WET	1981
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT

# Greenland
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
#
# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
# is according to the following time line:
#
# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
# Danmarkshavn			UTC
#
# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
# introduced.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
#
# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
# info from earlier correspondence.]
#
# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
#
# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
#
# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
#
# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
#
# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
# there at 2:00 AM.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.

# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
# "National Park" by Executive Order:
# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
# It is their only National Park.

# From Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24):
# On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch
# from -03/-02 to -02/-01
# https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes
# ...
# https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer
#
# From Jürgen Appel (2022-11-25):
# https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022
# If I understand this correctly, from the next planned switch to
# summer time, Greenland will permanently stay at that time, i.e. no
# switch back to winter time in 2023 will occur.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-28):
# The official document in Danish
# https://naalakkersuisut.gl/-/media/naalakkersuisut/filer/kundgoerelser/2022/11/2511/31_da_inatsisartutlov-om-tidens-bestemmelse.pdf?la=da&hash=A33597D8A38CC7038465241119EF34F3
# says standard time for Greenland is -02, that Naalakkersuisut can lay down
# rules for DST and can require some areas to use a different time zone,
# and that this all takes effect 2023-03-25 22:00.  The abovementioned
# "bekymringer" URL says the intent is no transition March 25, that
# Greenland will not go back to winter time in fall 2023, and that
# only America/Nuuk is affected (though further changes may occur).

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
			0:00	-	GMT
#
# Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
# exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
Zone America/Nuuk	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	2023 Mar 25 22:00
			-2:00	-	-02
Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
			-4:00	Thule	A%sT

# Estonia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring."

# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
#
# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).

# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
# after that.

# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.

# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
# Now we are using again EU rules.
#
# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Finland

# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...

# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
#
# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
# according to the central European standards.
#
# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
# Finnish) at
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
#
# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
#
# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
#
# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
# exist tonight."

# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
# Go with Oja over Shanks.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-

# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document).

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	1:39:49.2
Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# France
# Monaco

# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
#
# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
#
# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
# Paris, 1991
#
# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987

# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
# the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage>
# was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.

# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
# Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
# https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
# ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted...  Nine minutes and
#       twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
# There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
# stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
# (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
# "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
# he announced "Heure nouvelle".  See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
# https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
#
# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
# That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
# newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
# remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
# perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
# but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages.  For instance,
# the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
# only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
#   [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
#    minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
#    be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
#    suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
#    than they could spend.]
#
# From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
# French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
# which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
# The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
# <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that
# at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
# nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
# transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
#
# tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks.  As the railway practice
# was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
# the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
# 00:09:21.  However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
# stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
# that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
# blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
# Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition.  There are similar
# problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.

#
# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
# Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Denmark
# Germany
# Norway
# Sweden

# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]

# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen

# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
#
# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
# keeping Berlin time.
#
# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
#
# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
#
# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Berlin
# for these regions.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
# Go with the PTB.
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S

Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Georgia
# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.

# Gibraltar
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
			1:00	-	CET	1982
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Hungary

# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
# an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
# http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
# says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.

# From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
# Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
# The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
# bulletins, instructions and public press.
# [See URLs below.]

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
Rule	Hungary	1918	1919	-	Apr	15	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1918	1920	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 3:00	0	-
Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 2:00	1:00	S
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	May	22	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	Oct	 2	 3:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Sep	28	 1:00	0	-
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Nov  1
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  7 23:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1984
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Italy
# San Marino
# Vatican City
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
# so record only the time in Rome.
#
# From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
# ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
# the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
# https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
# ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
# Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
# the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
# kingdom).  On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
# table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
# not only for the internal service but also for the public....  Milano set
# the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
# Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
# last city was Cagliari in 1886."
#
# From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
# this is the scan of the decree:
# http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
#
# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
#
# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
# [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
# (2016-10-24):
# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
#
# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02):
# I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
# for 1 and 2 April 1944.  The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
# am, put forward the clock by one hour.  Remember that in the night between
# today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again."  That makes it
# clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05):
# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
# was effectively controlled by Germany.  Using C-Eur is consistent
# with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy"
# lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome
# (though they do affect Europe/Malta).
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Dec 12
			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:00u # Rome Mean
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Latvia

# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):

# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
#
# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
#
# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
#
# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
#
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.

# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
# in Latvian for subscribers only).

# From RFE/RL Newsline
# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
# clocks one hour in the spring....
# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
# appears that they will not do so....

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
# Go with Byalokoz.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Lithuania

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.

# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
# to be valid here starting from October 31,
# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
# already done by Estonia.

# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.

# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm


# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

# Malta
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 # Valletta
			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Moldova

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
# But [two people] separately reported via
# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
# to the Winter Time).
#
# News (in Russian):
# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
#
# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
#
# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
#
# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
# decision to abolish DST this winter.
# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
# News from Moldova (in russian):
# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html

# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT

# Poland

# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
# He also gives these further references:
# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Portugal

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
#
# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...

# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
# Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-0:36:44.68
Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
#			-2:00	Port	%z	1966 Apr  3  2:00
#			-1:00	Port	%z	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
#			-1:00	W-Eur	%z	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
# End of rearguard section.
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
#			-1:00	Port	%z	1966 Apr  3  2:00
# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
# End of rearguard section.
			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT

# Romania
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
# the same year as Bulgaria.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
			2:00	EU	EE%sT


# Russia

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
# (Government document
# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
# in Russian)
# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm

# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
# changed in September 2011:
#
# One source is
# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
# does not contain any "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
#
# The Wikipedia article refers to
# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
#
# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
# Conradi notes).
#
# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
#
# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
#
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.

# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
# exceptions grew considerably.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
# listing.  The region codes listed come from
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
# divisions where available.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
# Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
# +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder.  Guess that
# the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
# Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
# ...
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.

Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 10
			 2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1946 Apr  7
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 2:00	-	EET


# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Moscow covers...
# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug

# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
# Wikipedia refers to
# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
#
# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
# time belt changes map).
#
# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
# is also provided.
#
# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
# time.
#
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
#
# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
#
# 12. Udmurtia
# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
#
# ...
#
# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
#
# There were some exceptions, though.
# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
#
# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
# 2 days before the switch.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
# the Russian wikipedia page
# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
# contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
# 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
# Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
# of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
# However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
# decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
# Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
# Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
# book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
# Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
# астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
# To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
# util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
# between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
#
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
# time in Moscow.

# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
# 2:31:19 ...
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.

Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.

Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched
# from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
# changed in May.  This change evidently didn't last long; see below.
			 2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv.
			 3:00	C-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
# time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
#
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056

Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Volgograd covers:
# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).

# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
# The law has been published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27):
# The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd
# region to the Moscow time zone....
# https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05):
# Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ...
# changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22):
# The law was published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002

Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2020 Dec 27  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Saratov covers:
# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast

# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031

Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Kirov covers:
# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Samara covers...
# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast

# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051

Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
			 4:00	-	+04

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
#
# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.

# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9.
# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.

		#STDOFF	 4:02:32.9
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 5:00	-	+05


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Omsk covers...
# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast

# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.

Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 6:00	-	+06

# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Barnaul covers:
# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai

# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
# 1995-05-28.
#
# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
# after 1957: UT+7
# since 1995: UT+6
# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038

Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064

Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Tomsk covers:
# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.

# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
# recent changes).
#
# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
# published as a law around 2016-04-26.

# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048

Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
# March 28, 2010:
# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
#
# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
#
# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
#
# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
# realigning itself with KRAT.

Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.

Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 7:00	-	+07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
#
# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.

# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 8:00	-	+08


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Chita covers...
# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107

Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
			 9:00	-	+09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
# 14-11	****	Gorny District
# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
# 14-14	****	Lensky District
# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
# 14-18	****	Namsky District
# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.

Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 9:00	-	+09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District

# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
# Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
# in 2011.

# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.

Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			 9:00	-	+09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
# ...with the exception of:
# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044

# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Magadan covers...
# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
# need their own zone.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
#
# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
# ... signed by the President today ...
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038

Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
# 14-17	****	Momsky District
# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
#
# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
#
# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
# each!  (Yikes!)
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
#
# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
# Go with Srednekolymsk.

Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			11:00	-	+11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
# Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from
# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
# UTC+12 since at least then, too.

Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
			10:00	-	+10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.

# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			12:00	-	+12


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Anadyr covers...
# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
			12:00	-	+12

# Bosnia & Herzegovina
# Croatia
# Kosovo
# Montenegro
# North Macedonia
# Serbia
# Slovenia
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Spain
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
#
# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
#
# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.

# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
# The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
# says in its article 5 (my translation):
# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
#
# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
# change during that period.
#
# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
#Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
#Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
#Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
#Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
# except with "S" letters.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00u
			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00u
			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
			 0:00	-	WET	1924
			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
			 1:00	-	CET	1986
			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.


# Germany (Busingen enclave)
# Liechtenstein
# Switzerland
#
# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-

# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
#
# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
# to be wrong. This is now verified.
#
# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
# federal law collection)...
#
# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
#
# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
#
# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
# other years are made.
#
# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
#
# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
#
# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
#
# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
#
# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
# The Federal regulations say
# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.

# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
# hour before the beginning of service.

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
#
# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
#
#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
#
# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.

# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
#
# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
#
# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
			1:00	EU	CE%sT

# Turkey

# From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
# http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
# history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
# That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
# is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
# sources.

# From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
# 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
# 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
# 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
# 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
# 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
# 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
# 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
# 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
# This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
# (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
# This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
# degrees East to 45 degrees East.  This means a standard TZ change, from +2
# to +3.  This is published & applied on 1978-06-29.  At that time, Turkey was
# already on summer time (already on 45E).  Hence, this new law just meant an
# "continuous summer time".  Note that this was reversed in a few years.
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
# 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
# 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
# At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
# 1984.  This decision is published on 10/31/1984.  Page 1 declares
# the decision of reverting the "default longitude change".  So the
# standard time should go back to +3 (30E).  And page 34 explains when
# that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00.  You can think of this
# as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
#
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
# 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00

# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
#    no exceptions.
# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
# Here are official papers:
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm

# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
# Turkish:
# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464

# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
# Turkish Local election....
# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.

# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
#
# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326

# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.

# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
#
# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1947	1951	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
# DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1963	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1973	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=31	2:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	22	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Mar	21	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1978	only	-	Jun	29	0:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Jun 29
			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1984 Nov  1  2:00
			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
			3:00	-	+03

# Ukraine
#
# From Alois Treindl (2014-03-01):
# REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ...  means that from
# 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
# in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
# CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
# "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
# As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
# transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
# and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
# This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
# so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
# The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules....
# TZ database holds three other zones for Ukraine.... I have not yet
# worked out the consequences for these three zones, as we (me and my
# US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
# information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
# except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.

# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
#
# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
# approval from 266 deputies.
#
# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
#
# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
#
# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
#
# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
# time this year after all.
#
# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
# to Russia) was reverted today:
# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
#
# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
# The law documents themselves are at
# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484

# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kyiv time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
#
# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
# "summer time" was still in action):
#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
#
# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
#
# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
# This is an answer.
#
# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kyiv Mean Time
			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
			2:00	EU	EE%sT

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: Tom Hofmann
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# ...

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: Dik T. Winter
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# ...

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...
# tzdb data for North and Central America and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# also includes Central America and the Caribbean

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

###############################################################################

# United States

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
# Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
# Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
# Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
# was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
# in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
# but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
# Dowd's proposal left many details unresolved, such as where to draw
# lines between time zones.  The key individual who made time zones
# work in the US was William Frederick Allen - railway engineer,
# managing editor of the Travelers' Guide, and secretary of the
# General Time Convention, a railway standardization group.  Allen
# spent months in dialogs with scientific and railway leaders,
# developed a workable plan to institute time zones, and presented it
# to the General Time Convention on 1883-04-11, saying that his plan
# meant "local time would be practically abolished" - a plus for
# railway scheduling.  By the next convention on 1883-10-11 nearly all
# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18.  That Sunday
# was called the "day of two noons", as some locations observed noon
# twice.  Allen witnessed the transition in New York City, writing:
#
#   I heard the bells of St. Paul's strike on the old time.  Four
#   minutes later, obedient to the electrical signal from the Naval
#   Observatory ... the time-ball made its rapid descent, the chimes
#   of old Trinity rang twelve measured strokes, and local time was
#   abandoned, probably forever.
#
# Most of the US soon followed suit.  See:
# Bartky IR. The adoption of standard time. Technol Cult 1989 Jan;30(1):25-56.
# https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430

# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
# That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
# See p 46 of David Prerau, Seize the daylight, Thunder's Mouth Press (2005).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data in the US is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The American Atlas (5th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
# Make sure you have the errata sheet; the book is somewhat useless without it.
# It is the source for most of the pre-1991 US entries below.

# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
# Not everyone is happy with the results:
#
#	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
#	agreement about it, but I object to being told that I am saving
#	daylight when my reason tells me that I am doing nothing of the kind.
#	I even object to the implication that I am wasting something
#	valuable if I stay in bed after the sun has risen.  As an admirer
#	of moonlight I resent the bossy insistence of those who want to
#	reduce my time for enjoying it.  At the back of the Daylight Saving
#	scheme I detect the bony, blue-fingered hand of Puritanism, eager
#	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
#	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
#
#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
#	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
#
# For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
# https://web.archive.org/web/20160517155308/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
#
# Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
# However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
# was the first nationwide legal time standard, and apparently
# time was just called "Standard Time" or "Daylight Saving Time".

# From Paul Eggert (2019-06-04):
# Here is the legal basis for the US federal rules.
# * Public Law 65-106 (1918-03-19) implemented standard and daylight saving
#   time for the first time across the US, springing forward on March's last
#   Sunday and falling back on October's last Sunday.
#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/65th-congress/session-2/c65s2ch24.pdf
# * Public Law 66-40 (1919-08-20) repealed DST on October 1919's last Sunday.
#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/66th-congress/session-1/c66s1ch51.pdf
# * Public Law 77-403 (1942-01-20) started wartime DST on 1942-02-09.
#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/77th-congress/session-2/c77s2ch7.pdf
# * Public Law 79-187 (1945-09-25) ended wartime DST on 1945-09-30.
#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/79th-congress/session-1/c79s1ch388.pdf
# * Public Law 89-387 (1966-04-13) reinstituted a national standard for DST,
#   from April's last Sunday to October's last Sunday, effective 1967.
#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg107.pdf
# * Public Law 93-182 (1973-12-15) moved the 1974 spring-forward to 01-06.
#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-87/pdf/STATUTE-87-Pg707.pdf
# * Public Law 93-434 (1974-10-05) moved the 1975 spring-forward to
#   February's last Sunday.
#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg1209.pdf
# * Public Law 99-359 (1986-07-08) moved the spring-forward to April's first
#   Sunday.
#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg764.pdf
# * Public Law 109-58 (2005-08-08), effective 2007, moved the spring-forward
#   to March's second Sunday and the fall-back to November's first Sunday.
#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf
# All transitions are at 02:00 local time.

# From Arthur David Olson:
# Before the Uniform Time Act of 1966 took effect in 1967, observance of
# Daylight Saving Time in the US was by local option, except during wartime.

# From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
# Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
# In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
# An AltaVista search turned up:
# https://web.archive.org/web/20000926032210/http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
# "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
# Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-09-23):
# This was the V-J Day issue of the Clamdigger, a Rowayton, CT newsletter.

# From Joseph Gallant citing
# George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
# At 7 P.M. (Eastern War Time) [on 1945-08-14], the networks were set
# to switch to London for Attlee's address, but the American people
# never got to hear his speech live. According to one press account,
# CBS' Bob Trout was first to announce the word of Japan's surrender,
# but a few seconds later, NBC, ABC and Mutual also flashed the word
# of surrender, all of whom interrupting the bells of Big Ben in
# London which were to precede Mr. Attlee's speech.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09): It was Robert St John, not Bob Trout.  From
# Myrna Oliver's obituary of St John on page B16 of today's Los Angeles Times:
#
# ... a war-weary U.S. clung to radios, awaiting word of Japan's surrender.
# Any announcement from Asia would reach St. John's New York newsroom on a
# wire service teletype machine, which had prescribed signals for major news.
# Associated Press, for example, would ring five bells before spewing out
# typed copy of an important story, and 10 bells for news "of transcendental
# importance."
#
# On Aug. 14, stalling while talking steadily into the NBC networks' open
# microphone, St. John heard five bells and waited only to hear a sixth bell,
# before announcing confidently: "Ladies and gentlemen, World War II is over.
# The Japanese have agreed to our surrender terms."
#
# He had scored a 20-second scoop on other broadcasters.

# From Arthur David Olson (2005-08-22):
# Paul has been careful to use the "US" rules only in those locations
# that are part of the United States; this reflects the real scope of
# U.S. government action.  So even though the "US" rules have changed
# in the latest release, other countries won't be affected.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1976	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	US	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S

# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-12-19
# We generate the files specified below to guard against old files with
# obsolete information being left in the time zone binary directory.
# We limit the list to names that have appeared in previous versions of
# this time zone package.
# We do these as separate Zones rather than as Links to avoid problems if
# a particular place changes whether it observes DST.
# We put these specifications here in the northamerica file both to
# increase the chances that they'll actually get compiled and to
# avoid the need to duplicate the US rules in another file.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	EST		 -5:00	-	EST
Zone	MST		 -7:00	-	MST
Zone	HST		-10:00	-	HST
Zone	EST5EDT		 -5:00	US	E%sT
Zone	CST6CDT		 -6:00	US	C%sT
Zone	MST7MDT		 -7:00	US	M%sT
Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
# USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
# USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  CENTRAL       6 H  BEHIND UTC    CHICAGO, HOUSTON
# USA  CENTRAL       5 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  MOUNTAIN      7 H  BEHIND UTC    DENVER
# USA  MOUNTAIN      6 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  PACIFIC       8 H  BEHIND UTC    L.A., SAN FRANCISCO
# USA  PACIFIC       7 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
# USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
# USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
# USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
# USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-21):
# The above dates are for 1988.
# Note the "AKST" and "AKDT" abbreviations, the claim that there's
# no DST in Samoa, and the claim that there is DST in Alaska and the
# Aleutians.

# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
# Legal standard time zone names, from United States Code (1982 Edition and
# Supplement III), Title 15, Chapter 6, Section 260 and forward.  First, names
# up to 1967-04-01 (when most provisions of the Uniform Time Act of 1966
# took effect), as explained in sections 263 and 261:
#	(none)
#	United States standard eastern time
#	United States standard mountain time
#	United States standard central time
#	United States standard Pacific time
#	(none)
#	United States standard Alaska time
#	(none)
# Next, names from 1967-04-01 until 1983-11-30 (the date for
# public law 98-181):
#	Atlantic standard time
#	eastern standard time
#	central standard time
#	mountain standard time
#	Pacific standard time
#	Yukon standard time
#	Alaska-Hawaii standard time
#	Bering standard time
# And after 1983-11-30:
#	Atlantic standard time
#	eastern standard time
#	central standard time
#	mountain standard time
#	Pacific standard time
#	Alaska standard time
#	Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
#	Samoa standard time
# The law doesn't give abbreviations.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-19):
# Here are URLs for the 1918 and 1966 legislation:
# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=40&page=451
# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=80&page=108
# Although the 1918 names were officially "United States Standard
# Eastern Time" and similarly for "Central", "Mountain", "Pacific",
# and "Alaska", in practice "Standard" was placed just before "Time",
# as codified in 1966.  In practice, Alaska time was abbreviated "AST"
# before 1968.  Summarizing the 1967 name changes:
#	1918 names			1967 names
#  -08	Standard Pacific Time (PST)	Pacific standard time (PST)
#  -09	(unofficial) Yukon (YST)	Yukon standard time (YST)
#  -10	Standard Alaska Time (AST)	Alaska-Hawaii standard time (AHST)
#  -11	(unofficial) Nome (NST)		Bering standard time (BST)
#
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced ... "Chamorro Standard Time"
# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf

# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
# The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
#
# H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
#   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
#     Sunday of March"; and
#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
#     Sunday of November'.
#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
#   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
#   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
#   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
#   States.
#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
#   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
#   Department study is complete.

# US eastern time, represented by New York

# Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, most of Florida,
# Georgia, southeast Indiana (Dearborn and Ohio counties), eastern Kentucky
# (except America/Kentucky/Louisville below), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
# New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
# Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee,
# Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia

# From Dave Cantor (2004-11-02):
# Early this summer I had the occasion to visit the Mount Washington
# Observatory weather station atop (of course!) Mount Washington [, NH]....
# One of the staff members said that the station was on Eastern Standard Time
# and didn't change their clocks for Daylight Saving ... so that their
# reports will always have times which are 5 hours behind UTC.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
# According to today's Huntsville Times
# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
# a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
# in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
# set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
# Roberts, city administrator in Phenix City. as saying "We are in the Central
# time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
# in Columbus."
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
# Four cities are involved.  The two not mentioned above are Smiths Station
# and Valley.  Barbara Brooks, Valley's assistant treasurer, heard it started
# because West Point Pepperell textile mills were in Alabama while the
# corporate office was in Georgia, and residents voted to keep Eastern
# time even after the mills closed.  See: Kazek K. Did you know which
# Alabama towns are in a different time zone?  al.com 2017-02-06.
# http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2017/02/do_you_know_which_alabama_town.html

# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	NYC	1921	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	NYC	1921	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	NYC	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-4:56:01.6
Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 17:00u
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1920
			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1942
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1967
			-5:00	US	E%sT

# US central time, represented by Chicago

# Alabama, Arkansas, Florida panhandle (Bay, Calhoun, Escambia,
# Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and
# Washington counties), Illinois, western Indiana
# (Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
# Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties), Iowa, most of Kansas, western
# Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, eastern
# Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
# western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin

# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-07):
# In 1869 the Chicago Astronomical Society contracted with the city to keep
# time.  Though delayed by the Great Fire, by 1880 a wire ran from the
# Dearborn Observatory (on the University of Chicago campus) to City Hall,
# which then sent signals to police and fire stations.  However, railroads got
# their time signals from the Allegheny Observatory, the Madison Observatory,
# the Ann Arbor Observatory, etc., so their clocks did not agree with each
# other or with the city's official time.  The confusion took some years to
# clear up.  See:
# Moser M. How Chicago gave America its time zones. Chicago. 2018-01-04.
# http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/January-2018/How-Chicago-Gave-America-Its-Time-Zones/

# From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/175.pdf
# is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
# "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
# are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
# hours" within the deviated hour of this change every year....
#
# From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
# Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
# Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2007/related/acts/3

# From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
# Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
# the rest of Stanley County.  Most of Stanley County and Fort Pierre
# uses the Central time zone due to doing most of their business in
# Pierre so it simplifies schedules.  I have lived in Stanley County
# all my life and it has been that way since I can remember.  (43 years!)
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-12-25):
# Assume this practice predates 1970, so Fort Pierre can use America/Chicago.

# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-06):
# In 1950s Nashville a public clock had dueling faces, one for conservatives
# and the other for liberals; the two sides didn't agree about the time of day.
# I haven't found a photo of this clock, nor have I tracked down the TIME
# magazine report cited below, but here's the story as told by the late
# American journalist John Seigenthaler, who was there:
#
# "The two [newspaper] owners held strongly contrasting political and
# ideological views.  Evans was a New South liberal, Stahlman an Old South
# conservative, and their two papers frequently clashed editorially, often on
# the same day....  In the 1950s as the state legislature was grappling with
# the question of whether to approve daylight saving time for the entire state,
# TIME magazine reported:
#
# "'The Nashville Banner and The Nashville Tennessean rarely agree on anything
# but the time of day - and last week they couldn't agree on that.'
#
# "It was all too true. The clock on the front of the building had two faces -
# The Tennessean side of the building facing west, the other, east.  When it
# was high noon Banner time, it was 11 a.m. Tennessean time."
#
# Seigenthaler J. For 100 years, Tennessean had it covered.
# The Tennessean 2007-05-11, republished 2015-04-06.
# https://www.tennessean.com/story/insider/extras/2015/04/06/archives-seigenthaler-for-100-years-the-tennessean-had-it-covered/25348545/

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Chicago	1920	1921	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Chicago	1921	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Chicago	1922	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Chicago	1922	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
			-6:00	US	C%sT
# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT
# Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
# 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
# See <http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/p63/135818.pdf>.
# Officially this switch also included part of Sioux County, and
# Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
# but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
# See <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2003/October/Day-28/i27056.htm>.
Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT

# From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
# ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
# mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
# daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
# http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html

# From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
# ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
# it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
# largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".

Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT

# US mountain time, represented by Denver
#
# Colorado, far western Kansas, Montana, western
# Nebraska, Nevada border (Jackpot, Owyhee, and Mountain City),
# New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota,
# western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
# and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-25):
# On 1921-03-04 federal law placed all of Texas into the central time zone.
# However, El Paso ignored the law for decades and continued to observe
# mountain time, on the grounds that that's what they had always done
# and they weren't about to let the federal government tell them what to do.
# Eventually the federal government gave in and changed the law on
# 1970-04-10 to match what El Paso was actually doing.  Although
# that's slightly after our 1970 cutoff, there is no need to create a
# separate zone for El Paso since they were ignoring the law anyway.  See:
# Long T. El Pasoans were time rebels, fought to stay in Mountain zone.
# El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
# https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Denver	1921	only	-	May	22	2:00	0	S
Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1920
			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1942
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1946
			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1967
			-7:00	US	M%sT

# US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
#
# California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern ¾ of
# Malheur county), and Washington

# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-20):
# In early February 1948, in response to California's electricity shortage,
# PG&E changed power frequency from 60 to 59.5 Hz during daylight hours,
# causing electric clocks to lose six minutes per day.  (This did not change
# legal time, and is not part of the data here.)  See:
# Ross SA. An energy crisis from the past: Northern California in 1948.
# Working Paper No. 8, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley,
# 1973-11.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
#
# In another measure to save electricity, DST was instituted from 1948-03-14
# at 02:01 to 1949-01-16 at 02:00, with the governor having the option to move
# the fallback transition earlier.  See pages 3-4 of:
# http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1948/48Vol1_Chapters.pdf
#
# In response:
#
#   Governor Warren received a torrent of objecting mail, and it is not too much
#   to speculate that the objections to Daylight Saving Time were one important
#   factor in the defeat of the Dewey-Warren Presidential ticket in California.
#     -- Ross, p 25
#
# On December 8 the governor exercised the option, setting the date to January 1
# (LA Times 1948-12-09).  The transition time was 02:00 (LA Times 1949-01-01).
#
# Despite the controversy, in 1949 California voters approved Proposition 12,
# which established DST from April's last Sunday at 01:00 until September's
# last Sunday at 02:00. This was amended by 1962's Proposition 6, which changed
# the fall-back date to October's last Sunday. See:
# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	CA	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	CA	1962	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 20:00u
			-8:00	US	P%sT	1946
			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1967
			-8:00	US	P%sT

# Alaska
# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -09 per USNO.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-06-15):
# Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
# and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
# On Friday, 1867-10-18 (Gregorian), at precisely 15:30 local time, the
# Russian forts and fleet at Sitka fired salutes to mark the ceremony of
# formal transfer.  See the Sacramento Daily Union (1867-11-14), p 3, col 2.
# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18671114.2.12.1
# Sitka workers did not change their calendars until Sunday, 1867-10-20,
# and so celebrated two Sundays that week.  See: Ahllund T (tr Hallamaa P).
# From the memoirs of a Finnish workman. Alaska History. 2006 Fall;21(2):1-25.
# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ahllund-2006-Memoirs-of-a-Finnish-Workman.pdf
# Include only the time zone part of this transition, ignoring the switch
# from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent the Julian calendar.
#
# As far as we know, of the locations mentioned below only Sitka was
# permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement was
# destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  Many of Alaska's inhabitants
# were unaware of the US acquisition of Alaska, much less of any calendar or
# time change.  However, the Russian-influenced part of Alaska did observe
# Russian time, and it is more accurate to model this than to ignore it.
# The database format requires an exact transition time; use the Russian
# salute as a somewhat-arbitrary time for the formal transfer of control for
# all of Alaska.  Sitka's UTC offset is -9:01:13; adjust its 15:30 to the
# local times of other Alaskan locations so that they change simultaneously.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
#
# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
# Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
#
# On September 20 [1979]...DOT...officials decreed that on April 27,
# 1980, Juneau and other nearby communities would move to Yukon Time.
# Sitka, Petersburg, Wrangell, and Ketchikan, however, would remain on
# Pacific Time.
#
# ...on September 22, 1980, DOT Secretary Neil E. Goldschmidt rescinded the
# Department's September 1979 decision. Juneau and other communities in
# northern Southeast reverted to Pacific Time on October 26.
#
# On October 28 [1983]...the Metlakatla Indian Community Council voted
# unanimously to keep the reservation on Pacific Time.
#
# According to DOT official Joanne Petrie, Indian reservations are not
# bound to follow time zones imposed by neighboring jurisdictions.
#
# (The last is consistent with how the database now handles the Navajo
# Nation.)

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
# I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
# Community office (using contact information available at
# http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
# It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
# the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
# own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
# did not inquire about practices in the past.

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
# For lack of better information, assume that Metlakatla's
# abandonment of use of daylight saving resulted from the 1983 vote.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-11-09):
# It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
# their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
# between AKST and AKDT from now on....
# https://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/

# From Ryan Stanley (2018-11-06):
# The Metlakatla community in Alaska has decided not to change its
# clock back an hour starting on November 4th, 2018 (day before yesterday).
# They will be gmtoff=-28800 year-round.
# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/pb.141055983004923.-2207520000.1541465673./569081370202380/

# From Paul Eggert (2018-12-16):
# In a 2018-12-11 special election, Metlakatla voted to go back to
# Alaska time (including daylight saving time) starting next year.
# https://www.krbd.org/2018/12/12/metlakatla-to-follow-alaska-standard-time-allow-liquor-sales/
#
# From Ryan Stanley (2019-01-11):
# The community will be changing back on the 20th of this month...
# From Tim Parenti (2019-01-11):
# Per an announcement on the Metlakatla community's official Facebook page, the
# "fall back" will be on Sunday 2019-01-20 at 02:00:
# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/607150969728753/
# So they won't be waiting for Alaska to join them on 2019-03-10, but will
# rather change their clocks twice in seven weeks.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:33:32
			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:30
			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:44:55
			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT	2018 Nov  4  2:00
			 -8:00	-	PST	2019 Jan 20  2:00
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:12:18
			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 14:31:37
			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			-10:00	-	AST	1942
			-10:00	US	A%sT	1967 Apr
			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Nome	 12:58:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 13:29:35
			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			-11:00	-	NST	1942
			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
			-11:00	-	BST	1969
			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
			-11:00	-	NST	1942
			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
			-11:00	-	BST	1969
			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
			-10:00	US	H%sT
# The following switches don't make our 1970 cutoff.
#
# Kiska observed Tokyo date and time during Japanese occupation from
# 1942-06-06 to 1943-07-29, and similarly for Attu from 1942-06-07 to
# 1943-05-29 (all dates American).  Both islands are now uninhabited.
#
# Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
# switched from -11:00 to -10:00 on 1968-09-22 at 02:00,
# and another part (e.g. Akiak) made the same switch five weeks later.
#
# From David Flater (2004-11-09):
# In e-mail, 2004-11-02, Ray Hudson, historian/liaison to the Unalaska
# Historic Preservation Commission, provided this information, which
# suggests that Unalaska deviated from statutory time from early 1967
# possibly until 1983:
#
#  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
#  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
#  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
#  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
#  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
#  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
#  three votes for and one against."

# Hawaii

# From Arthur David Olson (2010-12-09):
# "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
# of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
# the article is available at
# https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
# and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
# 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
# saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
# last Sunday of each September, but less than a month later repealed the
# act," (page 220), that year-round daylight saving time was in effect
# from 1942-02-09 to 1945-09-30 (page 221, with no time of day given for
# when clocks changed) and that clocks were changed by 30 minutes
# effective the second Sunday of June, 1947 (page 219, with no time of
# day given for when clocks changed). A footnote for the 1933 changes
# cites Session Laws of Hawaii 1933, "Act. 90 (approved 26 Apr. 1933)
# and Act 163 (approved 21 May 1933)."

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-01-19):
# The following is from "Laws of the Territory of Hawaii Passed by the
# Seventeenth Legislature: Regular Session 1933," available (as of
# 2011-01-19) at American University's Pence Law Library. Page 85: "Act
# 90...At 2 o'clock ante meridian of the last Sunday in April of each
# year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
# hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
# day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
# hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
# which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
# that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
# Approved this 21st day of May, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M. JUDD, Governor
# of the Territory of Hawaii."
#
# Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
# We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8  2:00
			-10:00	-	HST

# Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.

# Arizona mostly uses MST.

# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
#
# The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
# Daylight Saving Time web page
# <http://www.dlapr.lib.az.us/links/daylight.htm> (2002-01-23)
# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
# Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
# time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
# personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
# observe war (i.e., daylight saving) time.  The 1944-03-17 Phoenix
# Gazette says that was the date the law changed, and that 04-01 was
# the date the state's clocks would change.  In 1945 the State of
# Arizona used standard time all year, again with exceptions only as
# mandated by federal law.  Arizona observed DST in 1967, but Arizona
# Laws 1968, ch. 183 (effective 1968-03-21) repealed DST.
#
# Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
# Go with the Arizona State Library instead.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
			-7:00	-	MST	1967
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
			-7:00	-	MST

# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
# A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
# notes in private correspondence dated 1987-12-28 that "Presently, only the
# Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
# large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
# tribal nations don't use DST.)
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.

# Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
# Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
# Custer, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gem, Gooding, Jefferson, Jerome,
# Lemhi, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Payette, Power,
# Teton, Twin Falls, Valley, Washington counties, and the southern
# quarter of Idaho county) and eastern Oregon (most of Malheur County)
# switched four weeks late in 1974.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 20:00u
			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
			-7:00	US	M%sT

# Indiana
#
# For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
# A brief but entertaining history of time in Indiana describes a 1949 debate
# in the Indiana House where city legislators (who favored "fast time")
# tussled with farm legislators (who didn't) over a bill to outlaw DST:
#  "Lacking enough votes, the city faction tries to filibuster until time runs
#   out on the session at midnight, but rural champion Rep. Herbert Copeland,
#   R-Madison, leans over the gallery railing and forces the official clock
#   back to 9 p.m., breaking it in the process.  The clock sticks on 9 as the
#   debate rages on into the night.  The filibuster finally dies out and the
#   bill passes, while outside the chamber, clocks read 3:30 a.m.  In the end,
#   it doesn't matter which side won.  The law has no enforcement powers and
#   is simply ignored by fast-time communities."
# How Indiana went from 'God's time' to split zones and daylight-saving.
# Indianapolis Star. 2018-11-27 14:58 -05.
# https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/27/indianapolis-indiana-time-zone-history-central-eastern-daylight-savings-time/2126300002/
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
# Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
# with the following exceptions:
#
# - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
#
# - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
#
# - Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties have been like
#   America/Kentucky/Louisville.
#
# - Crawford, Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Starke,
#   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
#
# Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
# Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
# Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
#
# Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
# Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
# Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
# changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.

# From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
# The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
# going to switch from Central to Eastern Time on March 11, 2007....
# http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070207/LOCAL190108/702070524/0/LOCAL

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1969
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
			-5:00	-	EST	2006
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Eastern Crawford County, Indiana, left its clocks alone in 1974,
# as well as from 1976 through 2005.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1969
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
			-5:00	-	EST	2006
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Daviess, Dubois, Knox, and Martin Counties, Indiana,
# switched from eastern to central time in April 2006, then switched back
# in November 2007.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Vincennes	1953	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Vincennes	1953	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Vincennes	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule Vincennes	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Vincennes	1960	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Vincennes	1961	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1969
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-09):
# The Indianapolis News, Friday 27 October 1967 states that Perry County
# returned to CST.  It went again to EST on 27 April 1969, as documented by the
# Indianapolis star of Saturday 26 April.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule Perry	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule Perry	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Perry	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Perry	1961	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1967 Oct 29  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT
#
# Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
# then switched back in 2006, then switched back again in 2007.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Pike	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Pike	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Pike	1956	1964	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
# then switched back in 2006.
# From Arthur David Olson (1991-10-28):
# An article on page A3 of the Sunday, 1991-10-27 Washington Post
# notes that Starke County switched from Central time to Eastern time as of
# 1991-10-27.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Starke	1947	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Starke	1947	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Starke	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Starke	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT
#
# Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
# April 2006 and then switched back in March 2007.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Pulaski	1946	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Pulaski	1946	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Pulaski	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1969
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1969
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
			-5:00	-	EST	2006
			-5:00	US	E%sT

# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
# The Louisville & Nashville Railroad's 1883-11-18 change occurred at
# 10:00 old local time; train were supposed to come to a standstill
# for precisely 18 minutes.  See Bartky Fig. 1 (page 50).  It is not
# clear how this matched civil time in Louisville, so for now continue
# to assume Louisville switched at noon new local time, like New York.
#
# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
# From the contemporary source given by Alois Treindl,
# the switch in Louisville on 1946-04-28 was on 00:01
# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-26):
# That source was the Louisville Courier-Journal, 1946-04-27, p 4.
# Shanks gives 02:00 for all 20th-century transition times in Louisville.
# Evidently this is wrong for spring 1946.  Although also likely wrong
# for other dates, we have no data.
#
# Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
# This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	S
Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Louisville	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:01	1:00	D
Rule Louisville	1946	only	-	Jun	2	2:00	0	S
Rule Louisville	1950	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Louisville	1950	1955	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Louisville	1956	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1968
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Wayne County, Kentucky
#
# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
# Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
# the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
# the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
# taken action, the majority of respondents to a poll conducted there in
# August indicated they would like to change to "fast time" also.
# The three Lake Cumberland counties are the farthest east of any U.S.
# location in the Central time zone.
#
# From Rich Wales (2000-08-29):
# After prolonged debate, and despite continuing deep differences of opinion,
# Wayne County (central Kentucky) is switching from Central (-0600) to Eastern
# (-0500) time.  They won't "fall back" this year.  See Sara Shipley,
# The difference an hour makes, Nando Times (2000-08-29 15:33 -0400).
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
# The final rule was published in the
# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
#
Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00	-	CST	1968
			-6:00	US	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT


# From Rives McDow (2000-08-30):
# Here ... are all the changes in the US since 1985.
# Kearny County, KS (put all of county on central;
#	previously split between MST and CST) ... 1990-10
# Starke County, IN (from CST to EST) ... 1991-10
# Oliver County, ND (from MST to CST) ... 1992-10
# West Wendover, NV (from PST TO MST) ... 1999-10
# Wayne County, KY (from CST to EST) ... 2000-10
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-17):
# We don't know where the line used to be within Kearny County, KS,
# so omit that change for now.
# See America/Indiana/Knox for the Starke County, IN change.
# See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
# West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
# 1999-10-31.  See the
# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27240.htm
# However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
# on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
# hence a separate tz entry is not needed.

# Michigan
#
# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# Michigan didn't observe DST from 1968 to 1973.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
# Shanks writes that Michigan started using standard time on 1885-09-18,
# but Howse writes (pp 124-125, referring to Popular Astronomy, 1901-01)
# that Detroit kept
#
#	local time until 1900 when the City Council decreed that clocks should
#	be put back twenty-eight minutes to Central Standard Time.  Half the
#	city obeyed, half refused.  After considerable debate, the decision
#	was rescinded and the city reverted to Sun time.  A derisive offer to
#	erect a sundial in front of the city hall was referred to the
#	Committee on Sewers.  Then, in 1905, Central time was adopted
#	by city vote.
#
# This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
# info, so omit this for now.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-06):
# Due to a complicated set of legal maneuvers, in 1967 Michigan did
# not start daylight saving time when the rest of the US did.
# Instead, it began DST on Jun 14 at 00:01.  This was big news:
# the Detroit Free Press reported it at the top of Page 1 on
# 1967-06-14, in an article "State Adjusting to Switch to Fast Time"
# by Gary Blonston, above an article about Thurgood Marshall's
# confirmation to the US Supreme Court.  Although Shanks says Detroit
# observed DST until 1967-10-29 00:01, that time of day seems to be
# incorrect, as the Free Press later said DST ended in Michigan at the
# same time as the rest of the US.  Also, although Shanks reports no DST in
# Detroit in 1968, it did observe DST that year; in the November 1968
# election Michigan voters narrowly repealed DST, effective 1969.
#
# Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1942
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1967 Jun 14  0:01
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1969
			-5:00	-	EST	1973
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT
#
# Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
# switched from EST to CST/CDT in 1973.
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT

# Navassa
# administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
# claimed by US under the provisions of the 1856 Guano Islands Act
# also claimed by Haiti
# occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
# US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
# currently uninhabited
# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
# _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
# Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).

################################################################################


# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
#
#	Pearce C. The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy.
#	Australian Ebook Publisher. 2017. ISBN 978-1-925516-96-8.
#
#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
#	which I found in the UCLA library.
#
#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
#	[PDF] (1914-03)
#
# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.

# Canada

# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
# I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
# for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
#
#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
#	offset	French	English	French	English
#	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
#	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
#	-3:30	HNT	NST	-	-
#	-4	HNA	AST	HAE	EDT
#	-5	HNE	EST	HAC	CDT
#	-6	HNC	CST	HAR	MDT
#	-7	HNR	MST	HAP	PDT
#	-8	HNP	PST	HAY	YDT
#	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
#
#	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
#
#	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
#	C: du Centre		Central
#	E: de l'Est		Eastern
#	M:			Mountain
#	N:			Newfoundland
#	P: du Pacifique		Pacific
#	R: des Rocheuses
#	T: de Terre-Neuve
#	Y: du Yukon		Yukon
#
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
# Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.

# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
# & Pottenger.

# From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
# 2007-03-01):
# The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
# adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
# U.S. and the rest of Canada....
# https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
# ...
# Nova Scotia
# Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
# https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
#
# [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
# be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
# https://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
# ...
# Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
# As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
# https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
# ...
# [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
# http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
# http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Source/Regs/English/2006/R06111_e.htm
# http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2006C39A.PDF
# ...
# P.E.I. will follow US rules....
# http://www.assembly.pe.ca/bills/pdf_chapter/62/3/chapter-41.pdf
# ...
# Province of Newfoundland and Labrador....
# http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
# ...
# Yukon
# https://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
# ...
# N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
# does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
# following link and search for "Daylight Savings Time Change".  Press the
# "Daylight Savings Time Change" link; it will fire off a popup using
# JavaScript.
# http://www.exec.gov.nt.ca/currentnews/currentPR.asp?mode=archive
# ...
# Nunavut
# An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
# http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf

# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
# time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
#
# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
# Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
# For now, assume all of DST-observing Canada will fall into line with the
# new US DST rules,

# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
# In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
# she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
# The quote includes these two statements:
# 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
# '... The daylight saving scheme was dropped all over Canada at the same time,'
# These statements refer to a transition from daylight time to standard time
# that occurred nationally on Sunday October 27/1918.  This transition was
# also documented in the Saturday October 26/1918 edition of the Toronto Star.

# In light of that evidence, we alter the date from the earlier believed
# Oct 31, to Oct 27, 1918 (and Sunday is a more likely transition day
# than Thursday) in all Canadian rulesets.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	Canada	1974	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Canada	1974	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Canada	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S


# Newfoundland and Labrador

# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-14):
# Legally Labrador should observe Newfoundland time; see:
# McLeod J. Labrador time - legal or not? St. John's Telegram, 2017-10-07
# http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/labrador-time--legal-or-not-154860/
# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that the only part of Labrador
# that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
# Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
# Whitman gives 1919 Apr 5 and 1920 Apr 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	May	 5	23:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	Aug	12	23:00	0	S
# For 1931-1935 Whitman gives Apr same date; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	May	Sun>=1	23:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	23:00	0	S
# For 1936-1941 Whitman gives May Sun>=8 and Oct Sun>=1; go with Shanks &
# Pottenger.
Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	May	Mon>=9	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	Oct	Mon>=2	0:00	0	S
# Whitman gives the following transitions:
# 1942 03-01/12-31, 1943 05-30/09-05, 1944 07-10/09-02, 1945 01-01/10-07
# but go with Shanks & Pottenger and assume they used Canadian rules.
# For 1946-9 Whitman gives May 5,4,9,1 - Oct 1,5,3,2, and for 1950 he gives
# Apr 30 - Sep 24; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
Rule	StJohns	1951	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1951	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, Newfoundland switches
# at 00:01 local time.  For now, assume it started in 1987.

# From Michael Pelley (2011-09-12):
# We received today, Monday, September 12, 2011, notification that the
# changes to the Newfoundland Standard Time Act have been proclaimed.
# The change in the Act stipulates that the change from Daylight Savings
# Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
# now occurs at 2:00AM.
# ...
# http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
# ...
# MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
# Office of the Chief Information Officer
# Executive Council
# Government of Newfoundland & Labrador

Rule	StJohns	1987	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	1987	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
Rule	StJohns	1988	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	2:00	DD
Rule	StJohns	1989	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	2007	2011	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:01	1:00	D
Rule	StJohns	2007	2010	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:01	0	S
#
# St John's has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1918
			-3:30:52 Canada	N%sT	1919
			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1935 Mar 30
			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	2011 Nov
			-3:30	Canada	N%sT

# most of east Labrador

# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
			-3:30:52 Canada N%sT	1919
			-3:30:52 -	NST	1935 Mar 30
			-3:30	-	NST	1936
			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT


# west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I,
# Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Listuguj reserve

# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
# From the historical weather station records available at:
# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
# likely to be the same across the island....
# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.

# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
# Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
# Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
# in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
# this is a typo.

# From Jeffery Nichols (2020-01-09):
# America/Halifax ... also applies to Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the Listuguj
# reserve in Quebec. Officially, this came into effect on January 1, 2007
# (Legal Time Act, CQLR c T-5.1), but the legislative debates surrounding that
# bill say that it is "accommodating the customs and practices" of those
# regions, which suggests that they have always been in-line with Halifax.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	May	 9	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	Aug	29	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1921	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1921	1922	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1922	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1923	1925	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1923	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1924	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1925	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	May	16	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1928	1931	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1928	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1929	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1930	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1931	1932	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1932	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Jun	 2	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1937	1938	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1937	1941	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1939	only	-	May	28	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1940	1941	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1953
			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1954
			-4:00	-	AST	1972
			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT

# New Brunswick

# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-31):
# The Time Definition Act <http://www.gnb.ca/0062/PDF-acts/t-06.pdf>
# says they changed at 00:01 through 2006, and
# <http://www.canlii.org/nb/laws/sta/t-6/20030127/whole.html> makes it
# clear that this was the case since at least 1993.
# For now, assume it started in 1993.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Jun	Sun>=8	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Sep	Sun>=8	1:00	0	S
Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Jun	Sun>=1	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Sep	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
Rule	Moncton	1939	only	-	May	27	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1939	1941	-	Sep	Sat>=21	1:00	0	S
Rule	Moncton	1940	only	-	May	19	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1941	only	-	May	 4	1:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1946	1972	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1946	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Moncton	1957	1972	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
			-5:00	-	EST	1902 Jun 15
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1933
			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1942
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1973
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1993
			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	2007
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT

# Quebec

# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-10):
# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
# See America/Halifax for the Îles de la Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve.
# See America/Puerto_Rico for east of Natashquan.

# Ontario

# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
# [According to the Toronto Star] Orillia, Ontario, adopted DST
# effective Saturday, 1912-06-22, 22:00; the article mentions that
# Port Arthur (now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario) as well as Moose Jaw
# have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
# 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
# hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
# presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
# earlier in June).
#
# Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-08):
# For more on Orillia, see: Daubs K. Bold attempt at daylight saving
# time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
# https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html

# From Mark Brader (2010-03-06):
#
# In the (Toronto) Globe and Mail for Saturday, 1955-09-24, in the bottom
# right corner of page 1, it says that Toronto will return to standard
# time at 2 am Sunday morning (which agrees with the database), and that:
#
#     The one-hour setback will go into effect throughout most of Ontario,
#     except in areas like Windsor which remains on standard time all year.
#
# ... I don't know if Windsor began observing DST when Detroit did,
# or in 1974, or on some other date.
#
# By the way, the article continues by noting that:
#
#     Some cities in the United States have pushed the deadline back
#     three weeks and will change over from daylight saving in October.

# From Arthur David Olson (2010-07-17):
#
# "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" appeared in
# The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
# volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
# was available at
# http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
#
# It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
#
#   A list of the places in Canada using daylight saving time would
# require yearly revision. From information kindly furnished by
# the provincial governments and by the postmasters in many cities
# and towns, it is found that the following places used daylight sav-
# ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
# for the other provinces only approximate:
#
#	Province	Daylight saving time used
# Prince Edward Island	Not used.
# Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
# New Brunswick		In St. John only.
# Quebec		In the following places:
#			Montreal	Lachine
#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
#			Lévis		Iberville
#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
#			Verdun		Loretteville
#			Westmount	Richmond
#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
#			Arvida		Waterloo
#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
#			Melbourne	La Tuque
#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
# Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
#			the southerly part of the province. Not
#			used in the northwesterly part.
# Manitoba		Not used.
# Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
# Alberta		Not used.
# British Columbia	Not used.
#
#   With some exceptions, the use of daylight saving may be said to be limited
# to those cities and towns lying between Quebec city and Windsor, Ont.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Mar	30	23:30	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Oct	26	0:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	May	15	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	Sep	15	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1922	1923	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
# Shanks & Pottenger say 1923-09-19; assume it's a typo and that "-16"
# was meant.
Rule	Toronto	1922	1926	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1924	1927	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1927	1937	-	Sep	Sun>=25	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1928	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=25	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1947	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1949	only	-	Nov	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1950	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Toronto	1950	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Toronto	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Shanks & Pottenger say Toronto ended DST a week early in 1971,
# namely on 1971-10-24, but Mark Brader wrote (2003-05-31) that this
# is wrong, and that he had confirmed it by checking the 1971-10-30
# Toronto Star, which said that DST was ending 1971-10-31 as usual.
Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S

# The Bahamas match Toronto since 1970.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
# For Atikokan see America/Panama.


# Manitoba

# From Rob Douglas (2006-04-06):
# the old Manitoba Time Act - as amended by Bill 2, assented to
# March 27, 1987 ... said ...
# "between two o'clock Central Standard Time in the morning of
# the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
# Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
# following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
# been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
# Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
# the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
# the 1987 version would apply - the changeover was at 2:00 Central
# Standard Time (i.e. not until 3:00 Central Daylight Time).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-10):
# Shanks & Pottenger say Manitoba switched at 02:00 (not 02:00s)
# starting 1966.  Since 02:00s is clearly correct for 1967 on, assume
# it was also 02:00s in 1966.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Apr	23	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	May	16	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	Sep	26	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	May	12	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1951	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1951	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1960	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Sep	22	2:00	0	S
Rule	Winn	1966	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Winn	1966	2005	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Winn	1987	2005	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
			-6:00	Winn	C%sT	2006
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT


# Saskatchewan

# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
# The first actual adoption of DST in Canada was at the municipal
# level.  As the [Toronto] Star put it (1912-06-07), "While people
# elsewhere have long been talking of legislation to save daylight,
# the city of Moose Jaw [Saskatchewan] has acted on its own hook."
# DST in Moose Jaw began on Saturday, 1912-06-01 (no time mentioned:
# presumably late evening, as below), and would run until "the end of
# the summer".  The discrepancy between municipal time and railroad
# time was noted.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
# Willett (1914-03) notes that DST "has been in operation ... in the
# City of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, for one year."

# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
# Pearce's book says Regina observed DST in 1914-1917.  No dates and times,
# unfortunately.  It also says that in 1914 Saskatoon observed DST
# from 1 June to 6 July, and that DST was also tried out in Davidson,
# Melfort, and Prince Albert.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say that since 1970 this region has mostly been as Regina.
# Some western towns (e.g. Swift Current) switched from MST/MDT to CST in 1972.
# Other western towns (e.g. Lloydminster) are like Edmonton.
# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Denare Beach and Creighton
# are like Winnipeg, in violation of Saskatchewan law.

# From W. Jones (1992-11-06):
# The. . .below is based on information I got from our law library, the
# provincial archives, and the provincial Community Services department.
# A precise history would require digging through newspaper archives, and
# since you didn't say what you wanted, I didn't bother.
#
# Saskatchewan is split by a time zone meridian (105W) and over the years
# the boundary became pretty ragged as communities near it reevaluated
# their affiliations in one direction or the other.  In 1965 a provincial
# referendum favoured legislating common time practices.
#
# On 15 April 1966 the Time Act (c. T-14, Revised Statutes of
# Saskatchewan 1978) was proclaimed, and established that the eastern
# part of Saskatchewan would use CST year round, that districts in
# northwest Saskatchewan would by default follow CST but could opt to
# follow Mountain Time rules (thus 1 hour difference in the winter and
# zero in the summer), and that districts in southwest Saskatchewan would
# by default follow MT but could opt to follow CST.
#
# It took a few years for the dust to settle (I know one story of a town
# on one time zone having its school in another, such that a mom had to
# serve her family lunch in two shifts), but presently it seems that only
# a few towns on the border with Alberta (e.g. Lloydminster) follow MT
# rules any more; all other districts appear to have used CST year round
# since sometime in the 1960s.

# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
# The Saskatchewan time act which was last updated in 1996 is about 30 pages
# long and rather painful to read.
# http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/T14.pdf

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1937	1941	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1937	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1938	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1939	1941	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
#
Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Swift	1959	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST
Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST


# Alberta

# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-19):
# There was no DST in Alberta in 1967... Calgary Herald, 29 April 1967.
# 1969, no DST, from Edmonton Journal 18 April 1969
#
# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
# Pearce's book says that Alberta's 1948 Daylight Saving Act required
# Mountain Standard Time without DST, and that "anyone who broke that law
# could be fined up to $25 and costs".  There seems to be no record of
# anybody paying the fine.  The law was not changed until an August 1971
# plebiscite reinstituted DST in 1972.  This story is also mentioned in:
# Boyer JP. Forcing Choice: The Risky Reward of Referendums. Dundum. 2017.
# ISBN 978-1459739123.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Edm	1918	1919	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Edm	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1919	only	-	May	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1920	1923	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Edm	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1921	1923	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Edm	1972	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Edm	1972	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
			-7:00	Edm	M%sT	1987
			-7:00	Canada	M%sT


# British Columbia

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has
# been like Vancouver.
# Dawson Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.

# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
# America/Dawson_Creek.
# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
#
# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
# 2015-03-08.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
# Alois Treindl confirmed this on 07-22, citing the 1946-04-27 Vancouver Daily
# Province.  He also cited the 1946-09-28 Victoria Daily Times, which said
# that Vancouver, Victoria, etc. "change at midnight Saturday"; for now,
# guess they meant 02:00 Sunday since 02:00 was common practice in Vancouver.
#
# Early Vancouver, Volume Four, by Major J.S. Matthews, V.D., 2011 edition
# says that a 1922 plebiscite adopted DST, but a 1923 plebiscite rejected it.
# http://former.vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/archives/digitized/EarlyVan/SearchEarlyVan/Vol4pdf/MatthewsEarlyVancouverVol4_DaylightSavings.pdf
# A catalog entry for a newspaper clipping seems to indicate that Vancouver
# observed DST in 1941 from 07-07 through 09-27; see
# https://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/daylight-saving-1918-starts-again-july-7-1941-start-d-s-sept-27-end-of-d-s-1941
# We have no further details, so omit them for now.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	Vanc	1946	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Vanc	1946	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	S
Rule	Vanc	1947	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Vanc	1962	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
			-7:00	-	MST
Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
			-8:00	-	PST	1947
			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
			-7:00	-	MST
# For Creston see America/Phoenix.

# Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon

# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
# Whitehorse Star - Thursday April 22, 1965 - page 1
# title: DST Starts Monday ...
# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578587481/
# The title of this first article is wrong and/or misleading.
# Also, the start time shown in the  article is vague; it simply says "after
# midnight" when it probably should have stated 2:00a.m....
#
# Whitehorse Star - Monday October 25, 1965 - page 15 ...
# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578589147/
# The 1965 Yukon Council minutes can be found here:
# http://assets.yukonarchives.ca/PER_YG_06_1965_C20_S02_v1.pdf
# ... I do not currently believe that NWT touched any of its clocks in 1965....
#
# Whitehorse Star - Thursday Feb 24,1966 - page 2
# title: It's Time for YDT ...
# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578575979/ ...
# America/Whitehorse as a permanent change from UTC-9(YST) to
# UTC-8(PST) at 00:00 on Sunday February 27, 1966....
#
# Whitehorse Star - Friday April 28,1972 - page 6
# title: Daylight Saving Time for N.W.T....
# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578701610/ ...
# Nunavut and NWT zones ... DST starting in 1972.... Start and End ...
# should be the same as the rest of Canada
#
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):
# For now, assume Yukon's 1965-04-22 spring forward was 00:00 -> 02:00, as this
# seems likely than 02:00 -> 04:00 and matches "after midnight".

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
# Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
#	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
#	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
#	[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html]
#	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
#	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
#	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.

# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
#
# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
#
# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
#
# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
#   thirty-fifth meridian.
#
# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
#
#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
#
#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
#
# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
#   [no online source found]
#
# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
#
#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
#
#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
#
#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
#
# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
#
#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
#     revoked.
#
#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
#
# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
#   https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20201125/d5adc93b/CAYTOIC1980-02DST1980-01-04-0001.pdf
#
# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
#
#   In every year between
#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
#   ...
#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
#
# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
#
#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
#
#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
#
#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
#
# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html

# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
# The 5th edition of the Atlas of Canada contains a time zone map that
# shows both legislated and observed time zone boundaries.
# All communities on Baffin Island are shown to be observing Eastern time.
# The date on the map is 1984.
# https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/raster/atlas_5_ed/eng/other/referencemaps/mcr4056.pdf

# From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
# Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
# Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
#
# From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
# We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
# to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
# Basic Facts: The New Territory
# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
# (1999) reports that ... Coral Harbour does not observe DST.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Matthews and Vincent (1998) say the following, but we lack histories
# for these potential new Zones.
#
# The Canadian Forces station at Alert uses Eastern Time while the
# handful of residents at the Eureka weather station [in the Central
# zone] skip daylight savings.  Baffin Island, which is crossed by the
# Central, Eastern and Atlantic Time zones only uses Eastern Time.
# Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak and Pelly Bay all use Mountain instead of
# Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
# required to use daylight savings.

# From <http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html>
# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
# The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
# Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
# one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
# At the end of October the two communities had rebelled against
# Nunavut's unified time zone, refusing to shift to eastern time with
# the rest of the territory for the winter.  Cambridge Bay remained on
# central time, while Kugluktuk, even farther west, reverted to
# mountain time, which they had used before the advent of Nunavut's
# unified time zone in 1999.
#
# From Rives McDow (2001-01-20), quoting the Nunavut government:
# The preceding decision came into effect at midnight, Saturday Nov 4, 2000.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# Let's just keep track of the official times for now.

# From Rives McDow (2001-03-07):
# The premier of Nunavut has issued a ministerial statement advising
# that effective 2001-04-01, the territory of Nunavut will revert
# back to three time zones (mountain, central, and eastern).  Of the
# cities in Nunavut, Coral Harbor is the only one that I know of that
# has said it will not observe dst, staying on EST year round.  I'm
# checking for more info, and will get back to you if I come up with
# more.
# [Also see <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt10309_06.html> (2001-03-09).]

# From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
# According to ...
# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
# (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
# for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
# round.  Using Google, it's easy to find other websites that confirm this.
# I wasn't able to find how far back this time regimen goes, but since it
# predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
# The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
# For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
# see above for an up-to-date link.

# From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
# ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
# Nunavut) moved from Central Time to Eastern Time last November.
# Basically the community did not change its clocks at the end of
# daylight saving....
# http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2006-11/nov13_06none.html

# From Chris Walton (2011-03-21):
# Back in 2007 I initiated the creation of a new "zone file" for Resolute
# Bay. Resolute Bay is a small community located about 900km north of
# the Arctic Circle. The zone file was required because Resolute Bay had
# decided to use UTC-5 instead of UTC-6 for the winter of 2006-2007.
#
# According to new information which I received last week, Resolute Bay
# went back to using UTC-6 in the winter of 2007-2008...
#
# On March 11/2007 most of Canada went onto daylight saving. On March
# 14/2007 I phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office to do a "time check." I
# talked to somebody that was both knowledgeable and helpful. I was able
# to confirm that Resolute Bay was still operating on UTC-5. It was
# explained to me that Resolute Bay had been on the Eastern Time zone
# (EST) in the winter, and was now back on the Central Time zone (CDT).
# i.e. the time zone had changed twice in the last year but the clocks
# had not moved. The residents had to know which time zone they were in
# so they could follow the correct TV schedule...
#
# On Nov 02/2008 most of Canada went onto standard time. On Nov 03/2008 I
# phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office...[D]ue to the challenging nature
# of the phone call, I decided to seek out an alternate source of
# information. I found an e-mail address for somebody by the name of
# Stephanie Adams whose job was listed as "Inns North Support Officer for
# Arctic Co-operatives." I was under the impression that Stephanie lived
# and worked in Resolute Bay...
#
# On March 14/2011 I phoned the hamlet office again. I was told that
# Resolute Bay had been using Central Standard Time over the winter of
# 2010-2011 and that the clocks had therefore been moved one hour ahead
# on March 13/2011. The person I talked to was aware that Resolute Bay
# had previously experimented with Eastern Standard Time but he could not
# tell me when the practice had stopped.
#
# On March 17/2011 I searched the Web to find an e-mail address of
# somebody that might be able to tell me exactly when Resolute Bay went
# off Eastern Standard Time. I stumbled on the name "Aziz Kheraj." Aziz
# used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
# businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
# Aziz:
# http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
#
# I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
# Eastern Standard Time.
#
# Aziz responded quickly with this: "hi, The time was not changed for the
# 1 year only, the following year, the community went back to the old way
# of "spring ahead-fall behind" currently we are zulu plus 5 hrs and in
# the winter Zulu plus 6 hrs"
#
# This of course conflicted with everything I had ascertained in November 2008.
#
# I sent Aziz a copy of my 2008 e-mail exchange with Stephanie. Aziz
# responded with this: "Hi, Stephanie lives in Winnipeg. I live here, You
# may want to check with the weather office in Resolute Bay or do a
# search on the weather through Env. Canada. web site"
#
# If I had realized the Stephanie did not live in Resolute Bay I would
# never have contacted her.  I now believe that all the information I
# obtained in November 2008 should be ignored...
# I apologize for reporting incorrect information in 2008.

# From Tim Parenti (2020-03-05):
# The government of Yukon announced [yesterday] the cessation of seasonal time
# changes.  "After clocks are pushed ahead one hour on March 8, the territory
# will remain on [UTC-07].  ... [The government] found 93 per cent of
# respondents wanted to end seasonal time changes and, of that group, 70 per
# cent wanted 'permanent Pacific Daylight Saving Time.'"
# https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/yukon-end-daylight-saving-time-1.5486358
#
# Although the government press release prefers PDT, we prefer MST for
# consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson.
# https://yukon.ca/en/news/yukon-end-seasonal-time-change

# From Andrew G. Smith (2020-09-24):
# Yukon has completed its regulatory change to be on UTC -7 year-round....
# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2020_125.pdf
# What we have done is re-defined Yukon Standard Time, as we are
# authorized to do under section 33 of our Interpretation Act:
# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/interpretation_c.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2020-09-24):
# tzdb uses the obsolete YST abbreviation for standard time in Yukon through
# about 1970, and uses PST for standard time in Yukon since then.  Consistent
# with that, use MST for -07, the new standard time in Yukon effective Nov. 1.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
Rule	NT_YK	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	NT_YK	1972	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	NT_YK	1972	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Yukon	1965	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	2:00	DD
Rule	Yukon	1965	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# formerly Frobisher Bay
Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	-00	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
# aka Qausuittuq
Zone America/Resolute	0	-	-00	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
# aka Kangiqiniq
Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	-00	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
# aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	-00	1920 # trading post est.?
			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	-00	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1965
			-9:00	Yukon	Y%sT	1966 Feb 27  0:00
			-8:00	-	PST	1980
			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
			-7:00	-	MST
Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1965
			-9:00	Yukon	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
			-8:00	-	PST	1980
			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
			-7:00	-	MST


###############################################################################

# Mexico

# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
# The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
# Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
# history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
#
# Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
# (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
# S&P report that Baja was at -8:00 in 1922/1923.
# S&P say the 1930 transition in Baja was 1930-11-16.
# S&P report no DST during summer 1931.
# S&P report a transition at 1932-03-30 23:00, not 1932-04-01.

# From Gwillim Law (2001-02-20):
# There are some other discrepancies between the Decrees page and the
# tz database.  I think they can best be explained by supposing that
# the researchers who prepared the Decrees page failed to find some of
# the relevant documents.

# From Alan Perry (1996-02-15):
# A guy from our Mexico subsidiary finally found the Presidential Decree
# outlining the timezone changes in Mexico.
#
# ------------- Begin Forwarded Message -------------
#
# I finally got my hands on the Official Presidential Decree that sets up the
# rules for the DST changes. The rules are:
#
# 1. The country is divided in 3 timezones:
#    - Baja California Norte (the Mexico/BajaNorte TZ)
#    - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (the Mexico/BajaSur TZ)
#    - The rest of the country (the Mexico/General TZ)
#
# 2. From the first Sunday in April at 2:00 AM to the last Sunday in October
#    at 2:00 AM, the times in each zone are as follows:
#    BajaNorte: GMT+7
#    BajaSur:   GMT+6
#    General:   GMT+5
#
# 3. The rest of the year, the times are as follows:
#    BajaNorte: GMT+8
#    BajaSur:   GMT+7
#    General:   GMT+6
#
# The Decree was published in Mexico's Official Newspaper on January 4th.
#
# -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
# For an English translation of the decree, see
# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html

# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
# (i.e. UTC -0600 and -0500 as of 1998-08-02).

# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
# Effective April 4, 1999 at 2:00 AM local time, Sonora changed to the time
# zone 5 hours from the International Date Line, and will not observe daylight
# savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
# Arizona year round.

# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
# <http://www.reforma.com/nacional/articulo/064327/> (2001-01-17):
# In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
# Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
# year, so that the more than 10,000 schools work at normal hour the
# whole year.

# From Gwillim Law (2001-01-19):
# <http://www.reforma.com/negocios_y_dinero/articulo/064481/> ... says
# (translated):...
# January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
# that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
# this year....
# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
# [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
# in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.

# From Arthur David Olson (2001-01-25):
# The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
# story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
# http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
# Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
# observation of Daylight Saving Time.

# Official statute published by the Energy Department
# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).

# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
#
# https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-03-mn-32561-story.html
# James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
# * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
#   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
# * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
# * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
#   the airport, banks, hospitals, and schools.
#
# For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.

# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
# I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
# saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
# that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
# saving. The modification reverts this to only cover Baja California
# (Norte), while all other states (except Sonora, who has no daylight
# saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
# Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
# September 30, 2001.
# References: "Diario de Monterrey" <http://www.diariodemonterrey.com/index.asp>
# Palabra <http://palabra.infosel.com/010331/primera/ppri3101.pdf> (2001-03-31)

# From Reuters (2001-09-04):
# Mexico's Supreme Court on Tuesday declared that daylight savings was
# unconstitutional in Mexico City, creating the possibility the
# capital will be in a different time zone from the rest of the nation
# next year....  The Supreme Court's ruling takes effect at 2:00
# a.m. (0800 GMT) on Sept. 30, when Mexico is scheduled to revert to
# standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
# subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
# ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
# that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
# confirms this.  Sonora as usual is the only state where DST is not applied.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-12-28):
#
# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
# > Mexico's House of Representatives has approved a proposal for northern
# > Mexico's border cities to share the same daylight saving schedule as
# > the United States.
# Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
# 2010, some border regions will be the same:
# http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
# http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
# (Spanish)
#
# Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
# (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
#
# There is also a list of the votes here:
# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
#
# Our page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
# The page
# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
# includes this text:
# En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
# horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
# En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
# las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
#
# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
# zone along with the rest of the country."
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
# time..."
# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
#
# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
#    state of Baja California.
# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
#    of Quintana Roo.
# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
#    longitude they are located at.

# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
# The new Mexican law was published today:
# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
# This abolishes DST except where US DST rules are observed,
# and in addition changes all of Chihuahua to -06 with no DST.

# From Heitor David Pinto (2022-11-28):
# Now the northern municipalities want to have the same time zone as the
# respective neighboring cities in the US, for example Juárez in UTC-7 with
# DST, matching El Paso, and Ojinaga in UTC-6 with DST, matching Presidio....
# the president authorized the publication of the decree for November 29,
# so the time change would occur on November 30 at 0:00.
# http://puentelibre.mx/noticia/ciudad_juarez_cambio_horario_noviembre_2022/

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Mexico	1931	only	-	May	1	23:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	1931	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	1940	only	-	Dec	9	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	1941	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	1943	only	-	Dec	16	0:00	1:00	W # War
Rule	Mexico	1944	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Jul	30	0:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Mexico	2002	2022	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Mexico	2002	2022	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
			-5:00	-	EST
# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
# This includes the following municipalities:
#   in Coahuila: Acuña, Allende, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jiménez, Morelos, Nava,
#     Ocampo, Piedras Negras, Villa Unión, Zaragoza
#   in Nuevo León: Anáhuac
#   in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
#     Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
Zone America/Matamoros	-6:30:00 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
			-6:00	-	CST	1988
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
			-6:00	US	C%sT
# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
			-6:00	-	CST	1988
			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
# Central Mexico
Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
# Chihuahua (near US border - western side)
# This includes the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe,
# and Práxedis G Guerrero.
# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
Zone America/Ciudad_Juarez -7:05:56 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1996
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
			-7:00	US	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST	2022 Nov 30  0:00
			-7:00	US	M%sT
# Chihuahua (near US border - eastern side)
# The municipalities of Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1996
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
			-7:00	US	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST	2022 Nov 30  0:00
			-6:00	US	C%sT
# Chihuahua (away from US border)
Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1996
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
			-6:00	-	CST
# Sonora
Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
			-8:00	-	PST	1970
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1999
			-7:00	-	MST

# Baja California Sur, Nayarit (except Bahía de Banderas), Sinaloa
Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
			-8:00	-	PST	1970
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT

# Bahía de Banderas

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
# changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
# share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
#
# (Spanish)
# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
# país, a partir de este domingo
# http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
#
# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
# País
# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
#
# (English)
# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
# http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
#
# "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
# zone ..."
# Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa

# From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
# Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.

Zone America/Bahia_Banderas -7:01:00 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
			-8:00	-	PST	1970
			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT

# Baja California
Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
			-7:00	-	MST	1924
			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Aug 14 23:00u
			-8:00	1:00	PPT	1945 Nov 12 # Peace
			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
			-8:00	-	PST	1954
			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
			-8:00	-	PST	1976
			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2010
			-8:00	US	P%sT
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
# America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
# through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
# Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
# Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
# DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
# data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
# other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
# name or contents should be.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-10-08):
# Formerly there was an America/Santa_Isabel zone, but this appears to
# have come from a misreading of
# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
# Today's new law states that the entire state of Baja California
# follows US DST rules, which agrees with simplifications noted above.
#
#
# Revillagigedo Is
# no information

###############################################################################

# Barbados

# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2.

# From P Chan (2020-12-09 and 2020-12-11):
# Standard time of GMT-4 was adopted in 1911.
# Definition of Time Act, 1911 (1911-7) [1911-08-28]
# 1912, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 919801291, Vol. 4, Image No. 522
# 1944, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 84548697, Vol. 4, Image No. 122
# http://llmc.com/browse.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297
#
# DST was observed in 1942-44.
# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1942, 1942-04-13
# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1942, 1942-08-22
# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1943, 1943-04-16
# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1943, 1943-09-01
# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1944, 1944-03-21
# [Defence (Daylight Saving) (Amendment) Regulations 1944, 1944-03-28]
# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1944, 1944-08-30
#
# 1914-, Subsidiary Legis., Annual Vols. OCLC Number: 226290591
# 1942: Image Nos. 527-528, 555-556
# 1943: Image Nos. 178-179, 198
# 1944: Image Nos. 113-115, 129
# http://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297&set=98437
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-02-20):
# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the 1977
# through 1980 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have no better
# data there.  Of particular note, the 1944 DST regulation only advanced the
# time to "exactly three and a half hours later than Greenwich mean time", as
# opposed to "three hours" in the 1942 and 1943 regulations.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Apr	19	5:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Aug	31	6:00u	0	S
Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	May	 2	5:00u	1:00	D
Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	Sep	 5	6:00u	0	S
Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Apr	10	5:00u	0:30	-
Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Sep	10	6:00u	0	S
Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-3:58:29.2
Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1911 Aug 28 # Bridgetown
			-4:00	Barb	A%sT	1944
			-4:00	Barb	AST/-0330 1945
			-4:00	Barb	A%sT

# Belize

# From P Chan (2020-11-03):
# Below are some laws related to the time in British Honduras/Belize:
#
# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1927 (No.4 of 1927) [1927-04-01]
# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1927, p 19-20
# https://books.google.com/books?id=LqEpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA19
#
# Definition of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1942 (No. 5 of 1942) [1942-06-27]
# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1942, p 31-32
# https://books.google.com/books?id=h6MpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA95-IA44
#
# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1945 (No. 19 of 1945) [1945-12-15]
# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1945, p 49-50
# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PP1
#
# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1947 (No. 1 of 1947) [1947-03-11]
# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1947, p 1-2
# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1
#
# Time (Definition of) Ordinance  (Chapter 180)
# The Laws of British Honduras in Force on the 15th Day of September, 1958 , Volume IV, p 2580
# https://books.google.com/books?id=v5QpAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2580
#
# Time (Definition of) (Amendment) Ordinance, 1968 (No. 13 of 1968) [1968-08-03]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=xij7KEB_58wC&pg=RA1-PA428-IA9
#
# Definition of Time Act (Chapter 339)
# Law of Belize, Revised Edition 2000
# http://www.belizelaw.org/web/lawadmin/PDF%20files/cap339.pdf

# From Paul Eggert (2020-11-03):
# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the
# 1973 through 1983 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have
# no better data there.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Belize	1918	1941	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
Rule	Belize	1919	1942	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
Rule	Belize	1942	only	-	Jun	27	24:00	1:00	CWT
Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	CPT
Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Dec	15	24:00	0	CST
Rule	Belize	1947	1967	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
Rule	Belize	1948	1968	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	CDT
Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	CST
Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	CDT
Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	CST
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr  1
			-6:00	Belize	%s

# Bermuda

# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27):
# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I.  This agrees with standard offset given in the
# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below.
# It is not known when this time became standard for Bermuda; guess 1890.
# The transition to -04 was specified by:
# 1930: The Time Zone Act, 1929 (1929: No. 39) [1929-11-08]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=7tdMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA54-PP1

# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
# Most of the information can be found online from the Bermuda National
# Library - Digital Collection which includes The Royal Gazette (RG) until 1957
# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/
# I will cite the ID.  For example, [10000] means
# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/10000
#
# 1917: Apr 5 midnight to Sep 30 midnight
# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 (1917 No. 13) [1917-04-02]
# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 37-38
# https://books.google.com/books?id=M-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36-IA2
# RG, 1917-04-04, p 6 [42340] gives the spring forward date.
#
# 1918: Apr 13 midnight to Sep 15 midnight
# Daylight Saving Act, 1918 (1918 No. 9) [1918-04-06]
# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 13
# https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA7
#
# Note that local mean time was still used before 1930.
#
# During WWII, DST was introduced by Defence Regulations
# 1942: Jan 11 02:00 to Oct 18 02:00 [113646], [115726]
# 1943: Mar 21 02:00 to Oct 31 02:00 [116704], [118193]
# 1944: Mar 12 02:00 to Nov 5 02:00 [119225], [121593]
# 1945: Mar 11 02:00 to Nov 4 02:00 [122369], [124461]
# RG, 1942-01-08, p 2, 1942-10-12, p 2 , 1943-03-06, p 2, 1943-09-03, p 1,
# 1944-02-29, p 6, 1944-09-20, p 2, 1945-02-13, p 2, 1945-11-03, p 1
#
# In 1946, the House of Assembly rejected DST twice. [128686], [128076]
# RG, 1946-03-16 p 1,1946-04-13 p 1
#
# 1947: third Sunday in May 02:00 to second Sunday in September 02:00
# DST in 1947 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1947 (1947: No. 12)
# which expired at the end of the year.  [125784] ,[132405], [144454], [138226]
# RG, 1947-02-27, p 1, 1947-05-15, p 1, 1947-09-13, p 1, 1947-12-30, p 1
#
# 1948-1952: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to first Sunday in September 02:00
# DST in 1948 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1948 (1948 : No. 12)
# which was set to expired at the end of the year but it was extended until
# the end of 1952 and was not further extended.
# [129802], [139403], [146008], [135240], [144330], [139049], [143309],
# [148271], [149773], [153589], [153802], [155924]
# RG, 1948-04-13, p 1, 1948-05-22, p 1, 1948-09-04, p 1, 1949-05-21, p1,
# 1949-09-03, p 1, 1950-05-27 p 1, 1950-09-02, p 1, 1951-05-27, p 1,
# 1951-09-01, p 1, 1952-05-23, p 1, 1952-09-26, p 1, 1952-12-21, p 8
#
# In 1953-1955, the House of Assembly rejected DST each year. [158996],
# [162620], [166720] RG, 1953-05-02, p 1, 1954-04-01 p 1, 1955-03-12, p 1
#
# 1956: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to last Sunday in October 02:00
# Time Zone (Seasonal Variation) Act, 1956 (1956: No.44) [1956-05-25]
# Bermuda Public Acts 1956, p 331-332
# https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs1AlmD_cEwC&pg=PA63
#
# The extension of the Act was rejected by the House of Assembly. [176218]
# RG, 1956-12-13, p 1
#
# From the Chronological Table of Public and Private Acts up to 1985, it seems
# that there does not exist other Acts related to DST before 1973.
# https://books.google.com/books?id=r9hMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA23-PA1
# Public Acts of the Legislature of the Islands of Bermuda, Together with
# Statutory Instruments in Force Thereunder, Vol VII

# From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
# Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
# in March, until the first Sunday in November.  And, after the Time Zone
# (Seasonal Variation) Bill 2006 was passed in the House of Assembly on
# Friday, the same thing will happen in Bermuda.
# http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Apr	 5	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	-
Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Oct	18	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Mar	21	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Nov	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	May	Sun>=15	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	Sep	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	Sep	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00	0	S

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-4:19:18.3
Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1890	# Hamilton
			-4:19:18 Bermuda BMT/BST 1930 Jan 1  2:00
			-4:00	Bermuda	A%sT	1974 Apr 28  2:00
			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
			-4:00	US	A%sT

# Costa Rica

# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) says the following was at 1:00;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-5:36:13.3
Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
			-6:00	CR	C%sT
# Coco
# no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica

# Cuba

# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
# Milne gives -5:28:50.45 for the observatory at Havana, -5:29:23.57
# for the port, and -5:30 for meteorological observations.
# For now, stick with Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
# The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
# the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
# the Orioles Radio Network, including affiliate WTOP in Washington, DC.
# During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
# "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
# Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
# returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html

# From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
# Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/septiembre/juev30/41medid-i.html
# says that it's due to a problem at the Antonio Guiteras
# thermoelectric plant, and says "This October there will be no return
# to normal hours (after daylight saving time)".
# For now, let's assume that it's a temporary measure.

# From Carlos A. Carnero Delgado (2005-11-12):
# This year (just like in 2004-2005) there's no change in time zone
# adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
# http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
# An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
# the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
# "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
# to the normal schedule....

# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
# <http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html>, dated yesterday,
# says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
# For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
# except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-25):
# Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz informed me that Cuba will end DST one week
# earlier - on the last Sunday of October, just like in 2006.
#
# He supplied these references:
#
# http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
# http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
#
# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
# Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
#
# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
# I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
# Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
# http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
# a Cuban information station, and heard
# the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
# indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
# It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
# It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
# http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
#
# Some more background information is posted here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
#
# The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
# while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
# 1940's). Many other web pages in Cuba also claim that it has been
# observed since 1963, but with the exception of 1970 - an exception
# which is not present in tzdata/Shanks. So there is a chance we need to
# change some historic records as well.
#
# One example:
# http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
# The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
# web site, the Granma.  Please check out
# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
#
# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
# will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.

# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
# Assume Sun>=15 (third Sunday) going forward.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-04)
# According to the Radio Reloj - Cuba will start Daylight Saving Time on
# midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
# not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
# (in Spanish)

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
# I listened over the Internet to
# http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
# this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
# that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
# Granma announced that Cuba is going to start DST on 2011-03-20 00:00:00
# this year. Nothing about the end date known so far (if that has
# changed at all).
#
# Source:
# http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
#
# Our info:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
# Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
# tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
#
# One source (Spanish)
# http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
#
# Our page:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
# According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
# 31 and April 1.
#
# Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
#
# Our info on it:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
# Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
# to standard time on 2012-11-04:
# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/36-nacionales/9961-regira-horario-normal-en-cuba-desde-el-domingo-cuatro-de-noviembre
# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
# For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	May	29	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1967	only	-	Apr	8	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1967	1968	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1968	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1969	1977	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1969	1971	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1972	1974	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1975	1977	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1978	only	-	May	7	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1978	1990	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1981	1985	-	May	Sun>=5	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=14	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2009	2010	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Nov	13	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	2012	only	-	Apr	1	0:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
Rule	Cuba	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
			-5:29:36 -	HMT	1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT

# Dominican Republic

# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-30):
# Enrique Morales reported to me that the Dominican Republic has changed the
# time zone to Eastern Standard Time as of Sunday 29 at 2 am....
# http://www.listin.com.do/antes/261000/republica/princi.html

# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# That URL (2000-10-26, in Spanish) says they planned to use US-style DST.

# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
# Dominican Republic changed its mind and presidential decree on Tuesday,
# November 28, 2000, with a new decree.  On Sunday, December 3 at 1:00 AM the
# Dominican Republic will be reverting to 8 hours from the International Date
# Line, and will not be using DST in the foreseeable future.  The reason they
# decided to use DST was to be in synch with Puerto Rico, who was also going
# to implement DST.  When Puerto Rico didn't implement DST, the president
# decided to revert.


# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	EDT
Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	EST
Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-0430
Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	EST
Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	EST
Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	EST
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
			-5:00	DR	%s	1974 Oct 27
			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
			-4:00	-	AST

# El Salvador

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
# There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
# instead of America/San_Salvador.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
			-6:00	Salv	C%sT

# Guatemala
#
# From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
# Diario Co Latino, at
# <http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079>,
# says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
# decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
# impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
# 2006-04-29 24:00 (Guatemalan standard time) to 2006-09-30 (time unspecified).
# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
# The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
# (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guat	1974	only	-	Feb	24	0:00	0	S
Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	May	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Mar	23	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
			-6:00	Guat	C%sT

# Haiti
# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
# on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
# <http://www.haitianconsulate.org/time.doc>.  Translated from French, it says:
#
#  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
#   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
#   Ministry and the Territorial Collectivities [I suppose that means the
#   provinces], Haiti will move to Eastern Daylight Time in the night from next
#   Saturday the 2nd to Sunday the 3rd.
#
#  "Consequently, the Prime Minister's Communication Office wishes to inform
#   the population that the country's clocks will be set forward one hour
#   starting at midnight.  This provision will hold until the last Saturday in
#   October 2005.
#
#  "Port-au-Prince, March 31, 2005"
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-04-04):
# I have been informed by users that Haiti observes DST this year like
# last year, so the current "only" rule for 2005 might be changed to a
# "max" rule or to last until 2006. (Who knows if they will observe DST
# next year or if they will extend their DST like US/Canada next year).
#
# I have found this article about it (in French):
# http://www.haitipressnetwork.com/news.cfm?articleID=7612
#
# The reason seems to be an energy crisis.

# From Stephen Colebourne (2007-02-22):
# Some IATA info: Haiti won't be having DST in 2007.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-11):
# According to several news sources, Haiti will observe DST this year,
# apparently using the same start and end date as USA/Canada.
# So this means they have already changed their time.
#
# http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article12510
# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/home/?p=13253
#
# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-11):
# The alterpresse.org source seems to show a US-style leap from 2:00 a.m. to
# 3:00 a.m. rather than the traditional Haitian jump at midnight.
# Assume a US-style fall back as well.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-10):
# It appears that Haiti is observing DST this year as well, same rules
# as US/Canada.  They did it last year as well, and it looks like they
# are going to observe DST every year now...
#
# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
# http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714

# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
# Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
# are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
# https://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
# https://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
# http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/

# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-03-12):
# We have received 4 mails from different people telling that Haiti
# has started DST again today, and this source seems to confirm that,
# I have not been able to find a more authoritative source:
# https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-20319-haiti-notices-time-change-in-haiti.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
# Shanks & Pottenger say AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1997) says 1:00s.
# Go with IATA.
Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
			-5:00	Haiti	E%sT

# Honduras
# Shanks & Pottenger say 1921 Jan 1; go with Whitman's more precise Apr 1.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-05):
# worldtimezone.com reports a 2006-05-02 Spanish-language AP article
# saying Honduras will start using DST midnight Saturday, effective 4
# months until September.  La Tribuna reported today
# <http://www.latribuna.hn/99299.html> that Manuel Zelaya, the president
# of Honduras, refused to back down on this.

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
# It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
# 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html

# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
# It mentions executive decree 18-2006.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
# Honduras will observe DST from 2007 to 2009, exact dates are not
# published, I have located this authoritative source:
# http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/noticia.aspx?nId=47

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-30):
# http://www.laprensahn.com/pais_nota.php?id04962=7386
# So it seems that Honduras will not enter DST this year....

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	Aug	Mon>=1	0:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
			-6:00	Hond	C%sT
#
# Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972

# Jamaica
# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
# island".  Go with Milne.
#
# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-5:07:10.41
Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:10 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
			-5:00	-	EST	1974
			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
			-5:00	-	EST

# Martinique
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May    # Fort-de-France MT
			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
			-4:00	-	AST

# Nicaragua
#
# This uses Shanks & Pottenger for times before 2005.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-04-12):
# I've got reports from 8 different people that Nicaragua just started
# DST on Sunday 2005-04-10, in order to save energy because of
# expensive petroleum.  The exact end date for DST is not yet
# announced, only "September" but some sites also say "mid-September".
# Some background information is available on the President's official site:
# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/Presidencia/Files_index/Secretaria/Notas%20de%20Prensa/Presidente/2005/ABRIL/Gobierno-de-nicaragua-adelanta-hora-oficial-06abril.htm
# The Decree, no 23-2005 is available here:
# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2005/Decreto%2023-2005%20Se%20adelanta%20en%20una%20hora%20en%20todo%20el%20territorio%20nacional%20apartir%20de%20las%2024horas%20del%2009%20de%20Abril.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-05-01):
# The decree doesn't say anything about daylight saving, but for now let's
# assume that it is daylight saving....
#
# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
# The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
# http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
# time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
# The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
# since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
# changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
# the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
# Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
# (2005-09-26)
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
# http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
# (my informal translation)
# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
# advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
# My informal translation runs:
# The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
# time is returned one hour at 01:00 am of October 1 of 2006.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Jun	Mon>=23	0:00	0	S
Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
			-6:00	-	CST	1993
			-5:00	-	EST	1997
			-6:00	Nic	C%sT

# Cayman Is
# Panama
#
# Atikokan and Coral Harbour, Canada, match Panama since 1970.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
			-5:00	-	EST

# Anguilla
# Antigua & Barbuda
# Aruba
# Caribbean Netherlands
# Curaçao
# Dominica
# Grenada
# Guadeloupe
# Montserrat
# Puerto Rico
# St Barthélemy
# St Kitts-Nevis
# Sint Maarten / St Martin
# St Lucia
# St Vincent & the Grenadines
# Trinidad & Tobago
# Virgin Is (UK & US)
#
# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
			-4:00	-	AST

# St Pierre and Miquelon
# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
			-3:00	-	-03	1987
			-3:00	Canada	-03/-02

# Turks and Caicos
#
# From Chris Dunn in
# https://bugs.debian.org/415007
# (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
# daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
# the recent U.S. change of dates.
#
# From Brian Inglis (2007-04-28):
# http://www.turksandcaicos.tc/calendar/index.htm [2007-04-26]
# there is an entry for Nov 4 "Daylight Savings Time Ends 2007" and three
# rows before that there is an out of date entry for Oct:
# "Eastern Standard Times Begins 2007
# Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
# indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
#
# From the Turks & Caicos Cabinet (2017-07-20), heads-up from Steffen Thorsen:
# ... agreed to the reintroduction in TCI of Daylight Saving Time (DST)
# during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
# Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
# https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
# The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
# which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
# by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
# http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
#
# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
# Standard Time Declaration Order 2015 (L.N. 15/2015)
# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/czin/#p=2
#
# Standard Time Declaration Order 2017 (L.N. 31/2017)
# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/dmcu/#p=2
#
# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
# Although L.N. 31/2017 reads that it "shall come into operation at 2:00 a.m.
# on 11th March 2018", a precise interpretation here poses some problems.  The
# order states that "the standard time to be observed throughout the Turks and
# Caicos Islands shall be the same time zone as the Eastern United States of
# America" and further clarifies "[f]or the avoidance of doubt" that it
# "applies to the Eastern Standard Time as well as any changes thereto for
# Daylight Saving Time."  However, as clocks in Turks and Caicos approached
# 02:00 -04, and thus the declared implementation time, it was still 01:00 EST
# (-05), as DST in the Eastern US would not start until an hour later.
#
# Since it is unlikely that those on the islands switched their clocks twice in
# the span of an hour, we assume instead that the adoption of EDT actually took
# effect once clocks in the Eastern US had sprung forward, from 03:00 -04.
# This discrepancy only affects the time zone abbreviation and DST flag for the
# intervening hour, not wall clock times, as -04 was maintained throughout.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
		#STDOFF	-5:07:10.41
			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
			-5:00	-	EST	1979
			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11  3:00
			-5:00	US	E%sT

# Local Variables:
# coding: utf-8
# End:
# tzdb data for South America and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-05):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for
# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used
# alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were
# invented and did not reflect common practice.

###############################################################################

###############################################################################

# Argentina

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
# Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
# ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC

# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
# I am sending modifications to the Argentine time zone table...
# AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
#
# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
# These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
# obtaining the data from the:
# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
# (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
#
# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
# From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
# time corrections was derogated and no more modifications
# to the time zones (for daylight saving) are now made.
#
# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
# On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
# which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
# from the International Date Line.
Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
# DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
# to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
# it ended on March 3.
Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
#
# From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
# Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
# So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
#
# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
# The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
# in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
#
# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999
# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
# in effect.... The article is at
# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
#
# (2001-06-12):
# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.
# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....
# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm
#
# (2001-06-25):
# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the
# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.
# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm
# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....
# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.
# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-12-21):
# A user (Leonardo Chaim) reported that Argentina will adopt DST....
# all of the country (all Zone-entries) are affected.  News reports like
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/nota.asp?nota_id=973037 indicate
# that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
# March, although exact rules are not given.
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
# The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
# By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
# the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
# clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
# For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
# are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-09-05):
# As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
# Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
#
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
# http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)

# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
# via Rodrigo Severo:
# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
# The new one is law No. 26.350
# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
# So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.

# From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
#

# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
#
# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
# included in Decree 1705/2008).
# http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc

# From fullinet (2009-10-18):
# As announced in
# http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
# (English: "No hour change").
#
# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."

Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-

# From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
# Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
# its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....
# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040521-27158-normas.pdf
# From Paul Eggert (2004-05-24):
# It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
# now we'll assume it's for this year only.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):
# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
# to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who
# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.

#
# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
# These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/27/de_604825.asp
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/28/de_605203.asp
#
# The following eight (8) provinces pulled clocks back to UTC-04:00 at
# midnight Monday May 31st. (that is, the night between 05/31 and 06/01).
# Apparently, all nine provinces would go back to UTC-03:00 at the same
# time in October 17th.
#
# Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
#
# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
# yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
# annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
#
# From Gwillim Law (2004-06-14):
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/06/10/de_609078.asp ...
#     "The time change in Tierra del Fuego was a conflicted decision from
#   the start.  The government had decreed that the measure would take
#   effect on June 1, but a normative error forced the new time to begin
#   three days earlier, from a Saturday to a Sunday....
# Our understanding was that the change was originally scheduled to take place
# on June 1 at 00:00 in Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego (and some other
# provinces).  Sunday was May 30, only two days earlier.  So the article
# contains a contradiction.  I would give more credence to the Saturday/Sunday
# date than the "three days earlier" phrase, and conclude that Tierra del
# Fuego set its clocks back at 2004-05-30 00:00.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-05):
# The previous law 7210 which changed the province of Mendoza's time zone
# back in May have been modified slightly in a new law 7277, which set the
# new end date to 2004-09-26 (original date was 2004-10-17).
# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040924-27244-normas.pdf
#
# From Mariano Absatz (2004-10-05):
# San Juan changed from UTC-03:00 to UTC-04:00 at midnight between
# Sunday, May 30th and Monday, May 31st.  It changed back to UTC-03:00
# at midnight between Saturday, July 24th and Sunday, July 25th....
# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000329.html
# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000426.html
# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000441.html

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-01-17):
# Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
# as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
#
# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
# (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
# country)
# http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
#
# Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
# (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
# The page of the San Luis provincial government
# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
# confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
# emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
# time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
# refused to follow San Luis in this change.
#
# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
# hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
# a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
# independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
# 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
# Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
# time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
# important pages of 2008."
#
# You can use
# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
# instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
# government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
# from which the first one is identical to the above.

# From Mariano Absatz (2008-01-28):
# I can confirm that the Province of San Luis (and so far only that
# province) decided to go back to UTC-3 effective midnight Jan 20th 2008
# (that is, Monday 21st at 0:00 is the time the clocks were delayed back
# 1 hour), and they intend to keep UTC-3 as their timezone all year round
# (that is, unless they change their mind any minute now).
#
# So we'll have to add yet another city to 'southamerica' (I think San
# Luis city is the mos populated city in the Province, so it'd be
# America/Argentina/San_Luis... of course I can't remember if San Luis's
# history of particular changes goes along with Mendoza or San Juan :-(
# (I only remember not being able to collect hard facts about San Luis
# back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
# mailed them personally and never got an answer).

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
# America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
# was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
# keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
# other 5 subregions.

# From Mariano Absatz (2009-03-13):
# Yesterday (with our usual 2-day notice) the Province of San Luis
# decided that next Sunday instead of "staying" @utc-03:00 they will go
# to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
#
# The press release is at
# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
# is the official page for the Province Government.)
#
# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
#
# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:
# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
# inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks
#
# Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,
# during 2009, this timezone change will run from 00:00 the third Sunday
# in March until 24:00 of the second Saturday in October.

# From Mariano Absatz (2009-10-16):
# ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
#
# The Law at
# http://www.diputadossanluis.gov.ar/diputadosasp/paginas/verNorma.asp?NormaID=276
# is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
# October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
# complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
# ending on the 2nd Saturday of March at 24:00.
#
# This clearly breaks every time the 1st of March or October is a Sunday.
#
# IMHO, the "spirit of the Law" is to make the changes at 0:00 on the 2nd
# Sunday of October and March.
#
# The problem is that the changes in the rest of the Provinces that did
# change in 2007/2008, were made according to the Federal Law and Decrees
# that did so on the 3rd Sunday of October and March.
#
# In fact, San Luis actually switched from UTC-4 to UTC-3 last Sunday
# (October 11th) at 0:00.
#
# So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last
# America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...
# ...

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
# Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
# Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
#
# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
# http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
# or (some English translation):
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html

# From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
# yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
# UTC-03:00 "summer time", we should't just let San Luis go back to "Arg"
# rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
# stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):
# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04
# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
# just say it's at -03; see, for example,
# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
# setting for timestamps past 2038.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
#
# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
#
# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
# Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
#
# Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
# - Formosa switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-07.
# - Misiones switched to -3:00 on 1990-12-29.
# - Chaco switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-04.
# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,
#   then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.
#
		#STDOFF	       -4:16:48.25
Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
#
# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Tucumán (TM)
Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 13
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
#
# La Rioja (LR)
Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# San Juan (SJ)
Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Jujuy (JY)
Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 28
			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar 17
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct  6
			-3:00	1:00	-02	1992
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Mendoza (MZ)
Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 15
			-4:00	1:00	-03	1992 Mar  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1992 Oct 18
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 23
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Sep 26
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# San Luis (SL)

Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	-

Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990
			-3:00	1:00	-02	1990 Mar 14
			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Jun  1
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	1:00	-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Jan 21
			-4:00	SanLuis	-04/-03	2009 Oct 11
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Santa Cruz (SC)
Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 30
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
			-3:00	-	-03

# Bolivia
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
			-4:32:36 1:00	BST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
			-4:00	-	-04

# Brazil

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
# just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
# The rule change lasted only part of the day;
# the federal government refused to follow the city's rules, and business
# was in a chaos, so the mayor backed down that afternoon.

# From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
# _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
# Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
# [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]

# From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
# sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
# always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
# The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
# 9/95 says that DST is observed only in the ten states I quoted from 9/95,
# along with Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), which are in BR2
# (UTC-4)....  The other two time zones given for Brazil are BR3, which is
# UTC-5, no DST, and applies only in the state of Acre (AC); and BR4, which is
# UTC-2, and applies to Fernando de Noronha (formerly FN, but I believe it's
# become part of the state of Pernambuco).  The boundary between BR1 and BR2
# has never been clearly stated.  They've simply been called East and West.
# However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
# Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
# airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.

# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
# Brazilian official page <http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html>

# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
# [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm

# From Celso Doria via David Madeo (2002-10-09):
# The reason for the delay this year has to do with elections in Brazil.
#
# Unlike in the United States, elections in Brazil are 100% computerized and
# the results are known almost immediately.  Yesterday, it was the first
# round of the elections when 115 million Brazilians voted for President,
# Governor, Senators, Federal Deputies, and State Deputies.  Nobody is
# counting (or re-counting) votes anymore and we know there will be a second
# round for the Presidency and also for some Governors.  The 2nd round will
# take place on October 27th.
#
# The reason why the DST will only begin November 3rd is that the thousands
# of electoral machines used cannot have their time changed, and since the
# Constitution says the elections must begin at 8:00 AM and end at 5:00 PM,
# the Government decided to postpone DST, instead of changing the Constitution
# (maybe, for the next elections, it will be possible to change the clock)...

# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
# modern Brazilian ... voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-20):
# Brazil will start DST on 2007-10-14 00:00 and end on 2008-02-17 00:00:
# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do;jsessionid=BBA06811AFCAAC28F0285210913513DA?newsId=13975

# From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
# ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
# effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
#
# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
# part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
# timezone UTC+4
# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
# part of it, as was before.
#
# This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
# proposed it due to concerns about open television channels displaying
# programs inappropriate to youths in the states that had the timezone
# UTC+5 too early in the night. In the occasion, some more corrections
# were proposed, trying to unify the timezones of any given state. This
# change modifies timezone rules defined in decree 2.784 of 18 June,
# 1913.

# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
# Just correcting the URL:
# https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
#
# As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
# timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
# suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
# important/populated city in the affected area.
#
# This new timezone would be the same as the Rio_Branco timezone up to
# the 2008/06/24 change which would be to UTC-3 instead of UTC-4.

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
# This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
#
# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).

# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
# The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
# As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
# yesterday, Brazil will start DST on 2008-10-19 (need to change rule) and
# it will end on 2009-02-15 (current rule for Brazil is fine). Based on
# past years experience with the elections, there was a good chance that
# the start was postponed to November, but it did not happen this year.
#
# It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
#
# An official page about it:
# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
# Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
# by going to
# http://www.mme.gov.br/first
#
# One example link that works directly:
# http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
# (Portuguese)
#
# We have a written a short article about it as well:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
# State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a
# television station in Salvador.

# In Portuguese:
# http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html

# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
# There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
# still in force.

# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
# It's official, the President signed a decree that includes Bahia in summer
# time.
#	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
# I found the decree.
#
# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
# Link :
# http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6

# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia

# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
# Tocantins state will have DST.
# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
# will change as well.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
# Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
# Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 23,195 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm> (1933-10-10)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 27,496 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm> (1949-11-24)
# Decree 27,998 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm> (1950-04-13)
Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 32,308 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm> (1953-02-24)
Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 34,724 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm> (1953-11-30)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 52,700 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm> (1963-10-18)
# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
# Decree 53,071 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm> (1963-12-03)
# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 53,604 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm> (1964-02-25)
# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 55,639 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm> (1965-01-27)
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 57,303 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm> (1965-11-22)
Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 57,843 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm> (1966-02-18)
Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 63,429 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm> (1968-10-15)
# revoked DST.
# Decree 91,698 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm> (1985-09-27)
Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 94,922 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm> (1987-09-22)
Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 96,676 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm> (1988-09-12)
# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 98,077 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm> (1989-08-21)
# with the same exceptions
Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 99,530 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm> (1990-09-17)
# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm> (1991-09-25)
# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm> (1992-10-16)
# adopted by same states.
Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 942 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm> (1993-09-28)
# adopted by same states, plus AM.
# Decree 1,252 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm> (1994-09-22;
# web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
# Decree 1,636 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm> (1995-09-14)
# adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
# Decree 1,674 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm> (1995-10-13)
# adds AL, SE.
Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 2,000 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm> (1996-09-04)
# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
# From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
# In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
# because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
# they bought the wrong times on satellite for coverage of Pope's visit.
# This year, the ending date of DS was postponed to March 1
# to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
#
# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 2,495 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG>
# (1998-02-10)
Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 2,780 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg> (1998-09-11)
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 3,150 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif>
# (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
# Decree 3,188 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif> (1999-09-30)
# adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 3,592 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm> (2000-09-06)
# adopted by the same states as before.
# Decree 3,630 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3630.jpg> (2000-10-13)
# repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
# Decree 3,632 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg> (2000-10-17)
# repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
# Decree 3,916 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif>
# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
# 4,399 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
# 4,844 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
# 5,223 <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm>
Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,539 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5539.gif> (2005-09-19),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
# Decree 5,920 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5920.gif> (2006-10-03),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
# Decree 6,212 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV6212.gif> (2007-09-26),
# adopted by the same states as before.
Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
# From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
# According to this decree
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
# [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
# 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
# the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
# Decree 7,584 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7584_20111013.jpg> (2011-10-13)
# added Bahia.
Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
# Decree 7,826 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7826_20121015.jpg> (2012-10-15)
# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
# Decree 8,112 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto8112_20130930.JPG> (2013-09-30)
# removed Tocantins.
Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
Rule	Brazil	2016	2019	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
# the first Sunday of November
# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
# earlier today. :)
Rule	Brazil	2018	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
# The last ruleset listed above says that the following states observed DST:
# DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2019-04-05):
# According to multiple sources the Brazilian president wants to get rid of DST.
# https://gmconline.com.br/noticias/politica/bolsonaro-horario-de-verao-deve-acabar-este-ano
# https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/04/05/governo-anuncia-fim-do-horario-de-verao.ghtml
# From Marcus Diniz (2019-04-25):
# Brazil no longer has DST changes - decree signed today
# https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/04/25/bolsonaro-assina-decreto-que-acaba-com-o-horario-de-verao.ghtml
# From Daniel Soares de Oliveira (2019-04-26):
# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2019/Decreto/D9772.htm

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
#
# Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	1990 Sep 17
			-2:00	-	-02	1999 Sep 30
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2000 Oct 15
			-2:00	-	-02	2001 Sep 13
			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2002 Oct  1
			-2:00	-	-02
# Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
# Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
# it also included the Penedos.
#
# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
# In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1988 Sep 12
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# west Pará (PA)
# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
# Paraíba (PB)
Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 15
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Tocantins (TO)
Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Sep 14
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
			-3:00	-	-03	2012 Oct 21
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2013 Sep
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Oct 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1996 Sep  4
			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Bahia (BA)
# There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
# of America/Salvador.
Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
			-3:00	-	-03	2011 Oct 16
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2012 Oct 21
			-3:00	-	-03
#
# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
# Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1963 Oct 23  0:00
			-3:00	1:00	-02	1964
			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02
#
# Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
#
# Mato Grosso (MT)
Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2003 Sep 24
			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Oct  1
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
#
# Rondônia (RO)
Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# Roraima (RR)
Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	1999 Sep 30
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2000 Oct 15
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
# The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
# east from west Amazonas.
Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
			-4:00	-	-04	1993 Sep 28
			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1994 Sep 22
			-4:00	-	-04
#
# west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
			-5:00	-	-05	1993 Sep 28
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1994 Sep 22
			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
			-5:00	-	-05
#
# Acre (AC)
Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
			-5:00	-	-05

# Chile

# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-15):
# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
#
# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
# [1] Chile Law
# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
# This contains a copy of this official table:
# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
# https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
# [1] needs several corrections, though.
#
# The first set of corrections is from:
# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
# https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
# This is an English translation of:
# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php
# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
#
#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
#
#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [1], as this matches the meridian
#    referred to by the relevant Chilean laws to this day.
#
#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
#
#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
#
# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
#
# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
# may well be true for earlier transitions.

# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-06):
# For a brief period of roughly six weeks in 1946, DST was only observed on an
# emergency basis in specific regions of central Chile; namely, "the national
# territory between the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepción, inclusive".
# This was enacted by Decree 3,891, dated 1946-07-13, and took effect
# 1946-07-14 24:00, advancing these central regions to -03.
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460715/#page/1
# The decree contemplated "[t]hat this advancement of the Official Time, even
# though it has been proposed for the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso only,
# must be agreed with that of other cities, due to the connection of various
# activities that require it, such as, for example, the operation of rail
# services".  It was originally set to expire after 30 days but was extended
# through 1946-08-31 by Decree 4,506, dated 1946-08-13.
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460814/#page/1
#
# Law Number 8,522, promulgated 1946-08-27, reunified Chilean clocks at their
# new "Summer Time" of -04, reckoned as that of "the meridian of the
# Astronomical Observatory of Lo Espejo, advanced by 42 minutes and 45
# seconds".  Although this law specified the new Summer Time to start on 1
# September each year, a special "transitional article" started it a few days
# early, as soon as the law took effect.  As the law was to take force "from
# the date of its publication in the 'Diario Oficial', which happened the
# following day, presume the change took place in Santiago and its environs
# from 24:00 -03 to 23:00 -04 on Wednesday 1946-08-28.  Although this was a
# no-op for wall clocks in the north and south of the country, put their formal
# start to DST an hour later when they reached 24:00 -04.
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460828/#page/1
# After a brief "Winter Time" stint at -05 beginning 1947-04-01, Law Number
# 8,777, promulgated 1947-05-17, established year-round -04 "from 23:00 on the
# second day after it is published in the 'Diario Oficial'."  It was published
# on Monday 1947-05-19 and so took effect from Wednesday 1947-05-21 23:00.
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19470519/#page/1

# From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
# The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
# of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
# (1998-09-29):
# Because of the drought this year, the government decided to go into
# DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
# (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).

# From Julio I. Pacheco Troncoso (1999-03-18):
# Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
# on April 3, (one-time change).

# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
# Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
# is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
# and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
# The Supreme Decree is located at
# http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
#
# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
# http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm

# From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
# Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
# http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
#
# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
# Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.

# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
# http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
# In English:
# Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
# of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
# August, not in October as they have since 1968.

# From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
# As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
# http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
# The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
# Quote from the website communication:
#
# 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
# a. Saturday April 28, 2012, clocks should go back 60 minutes; that is, at
# 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be 23:00
# of the same day.
# b. Saturday, September 1, 2012, clocks should go forward 60 minutes; that is,
# at 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be
# 01:00 on September 2.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-02-15):
# According to several news sources, Chile has extended DST this year,
# they will end DST later and start DST earlier than planned.  They
# hope to save energy.  The new end date is 2013-04-28 00:00 and new
# start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
# http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm

# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
# dates to 2014.
# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf

# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
# permanently until March 25 of 2017
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.

# From Juan Correa (2016-03-18):
# The decree regarding DST has been published in today's Official Gazette:
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do/20160318/
# http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1088502
# It does consider the second Saturday of May and August as the dates
# for the transition; and it lists DST dates until 2019, but I think
# this scheme will stick.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# For now, assume the pattern holds for the indefinite future.
# The decree says transitions occur at 24:00; in practice this appears
# to mean 24:00 mainland time, not 24:00 local time, so that Easter
# Island is always two hours behind the mainland.

# From Juan Correa (2016-12-04):
# Magallanes region ... will keep DST (UTC -3) all year round....
# http://www.soychile.cl/Santiago/Sociedad/2016/12/04/433428/Bachelet-firmo-el-decreto-para-establecer-un-horario-unico-para-la-Region-de-Magallanes.aspx
# From Deborah Goldsmith (2017-01-19):
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2017/01/17/41660/01/1169626.pdf

# From Juan Correa (2018-08-13):
# As of moments ago, the Ministry of Energy in Chile has announced the new
# schema for DST. ...  Announcement in video (in Spanish):
# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029000399129374720
# From Yonathan Dossow (2018-08-13):
# The video says "first Saturday of September", we all know it means Sunday at
# midnight.
# From Tim Parenti (2018-08-13):
# Translating the captions on the video at 0:44-0:55, "We want to announce as
# Government that from 2019, Winter Time will be increased to 5 months, between
# the first Saturday of April and the first Saturday of September."
# At 2:08-2:20, "The Magallanes region will maintain its current time, as
# decided by the citizens during 2017, but our Government will promote a
# regional dialogue table to gather their opinion on this matter."
# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029009354001973248
# "We will keep the new time policy unchanged for at least the next 4 years."
# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
# From Juan Correa (2019-02-04):
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/11/23/42212/01/1498738.pdf

# From Juan Correa (2022-04-02):
# I found there was a decree published last Thursday that will keep
# Magallanes region to UTC -3 "indefinitely". The decree is available at
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/03/31/43217-B/01/2108910.pdf

# From Juan Correa (2022-08-09):
# the Internal Affairs Ministry (Ministerio del Interior) informed DST
# for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
# and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
# will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"...  This is because on September 4th
# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.
#
# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2022-08-17):
# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/08/13/43327/01/2172567.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-17):
# Although the presidential decree stops at fall 2026, assume that
# similar DST rules will continue thereafter.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
# which is used below in specifying the transition.
Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Apr	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
Rule	Chile	2019	2021	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2022	only	-	Sep	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
Rule	Chile	2023	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
# IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:45 -	LMT	1890
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Jul 14 24:00
			-4:00	1:00	-03	1946 Aug 28 24:00 # central CL
			-5:00	1:00	-04	1947 Mar 31 24:00
			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03
Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 -	LMT	1890
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Aug 28 24:00
			-5:00	1:00	-04	1947 Mar 31 24:00
			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
			-3:00	-	-03
Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
			-7:00	Chile	-07/-06	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
			-6:00	Chile	-06/-05
#
# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.

# Antarctic base using South American rules
# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
#
# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
#
# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1982 May
			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
			-3:00	-	-03

# Colombia

# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899.  He writes,
# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."

# From Alois Treindl (2022-11-10):
# End of time change in Colombia 1993 ... should be 6 February 24h ...
# DECRETO 267 DE 1993
# https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1061335

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Feb	 6	24:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
		#STDOFF	-4:56:16.4
Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
			-5:00	CO	-05/-04
# Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
# no information; probably like America/Bogota


# Ecuador
#
# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2016-12-15):
# https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
# ... Whether the law applied also to Galápagos, I do not know.
# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-15):
# https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
# This says President Sixto Durán Ballén signed decree No. 285, which
# established DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05; it does not give transition
# times.  The people called it "hora de Sixto" ("Sixto hour").  The change did
# not go over well; a popular song "Qué hora es" by Jaime Guevara had lyrics
# that included "Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los guaguas iban a clase sin
# sol" ("It was dawning in the middle of the night, the buses went to class
# without sun").  Although Ballén's campaign slogan was "Ni un paso atrás"
# (Not one step back), the clocks went back in 1993 and the experiment was not
# repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
#
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
			-5:00	Ecuador	-05/-04
Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
			-5:00	-	-05	1986
			-6:00	Ecuador	-06/-05

# Falklands

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Between 1990 and 2000 inclusive, Shanks & Pottenger and the IATA agree except
# the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
# via Jesper Nørgaard:
# ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
# April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
# September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
# am on Sunday 21 April 2002 and advance to summer time at 2 am on
# Sunday 1 September.

# From Rives McDow (2001-02-13):
#
# I have communicated several times with people there, and the last
# time I had communications that was helpful was in 1998.  Here is
# what was said then:
#
# "The general rule was that Stanley used daylight saving and the Camp
# did not. However for various reasons many people in the Camp have
# started to use daylight saving (known locally as 'Stanley Time')
# There is no rule as to who uses daylight saving - it is a matter of
# personal choice and so it is impossible to draw a map showing who
# uses it and who does not. Any list would be out of date as soon as
# it was produced. This year daylight saving ended on April 18/19th
# and started again on September 12/13th.  I do not know what the rule
# is, but can find out if you like.  We do not change at the same time
# as UK or Chile."
#
# I did have in my notes that the rule was "Second Saturday in Sep at
# 0:00 until third Saturday in Apr at 0:00".  I think that this does
# not agree in some cases with Shanks; is this true?
#
# Also, there is no mention in the list that some areas in the
# Falklands do not use DST.  I have found in my communications there
# that these areas are on the western half of East Falkland and all of
# West Falkland.  Stanley is the only place that consistently observes
# DST.  Again, as in other places in the world, the farmers don't like
# it.  West Falkland is almost entirely sheep farmers.
#
# I know one lady there that keeps a list of which farm keeps DST and
# which doesn't each year.  She runs a shop in Stanley, and says that
# the list changes each year.  She uses it to communicate to her
# customers, catching them when they are home for lunch or dinner.

# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
# For now, we'll just record the time in Stanley, since we have no
# better info.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-04-01):
# The Falkland Islands will not turn back clocks this winter, but stay on
# daylight saving time.
#
# One source:
# http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
#
# We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
# Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
# third Sunday of April at 0200hrs and advance to Summer Time (UTC/GMT -3
# hours) on the first Sunday of September at 0200hrs.
#
# IMPORTANT NOTE: During 2011, on a trial basis, the Falkland Islands
# will not revert to local mean time, but clocks will remain on Summer
# time (UTC/GMT - 3 hours) throughout the whole of 2011.  Any long term
# change to local time following the trial period will be notified.
#
# From Andrew Newman (2012-02-24)
# A letter from Justin McPhee, Chief Executive,
# Cable & Wireless Falkland Islands (dated 2012-02-22)
# states...
#   The current Atlantic/Stanley entry under South America expects the
#   clocks to go back to standard Falklands Time (FKT) on the 15th April.
#   The database entry states that in 2011 Stanley was staying on fixed
#   summer time on a trial basis only.  FIG need to contact IANA and/or
#   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
#   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
#
# For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
# until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
# experiment was apparently successful.)
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	1983 May
			-3:00	Falk	-03/-02	1985 Sep 15
			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	2010 Sep  5  2:00
			-3:00	-	-03

# French Guiana
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
			-4:00	-	-04	1967 Oct
			-3:00	-	-03

# Guyana

# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5-5CAQAAMAAJ&pg=SA1-PA547
# The Official Gazette of British Guiana. (New Series.) Vol. XL. July to
# December, 1915, p 1547, lists as several notes:
# "Local Mean Time 3 hours 52 mins. 39 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time
# (Georgetown.) From 1st August, 1911, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 4
# hours slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on 1st July,
# 1911.  From 1st March, 1915, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 3 hours 45
# mins. 0 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on
# 23rd January, 1915."
#
# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/10923-act_no._27_of_1975_-_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1975.pdf
# Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1975 (Act No. 27 of 1975)
# [dated 1975-07-31]
# "This Act...shall come into operation on 1st August, 1975."
# "...where any expression of time occurs...the time referred to shall signify
# the standard time of Guyana which shall be three hours behind Greenwich Mean
# Time."
#
# Circular No. 10/1992 dated 1992-03-20
# https://dps.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1992-03-20-Circular-010.pdf
# "...cabinet has decided that with effect from Sunday 29th March, 1992, Guyana
# Standard Time would be re-established at 01:00 hours by adjusting the hands
# of the clock back to 24:00 hours."
# Legislated in the Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1992
# (Act No. 6 of 1992) [passed 1992-03-27, published 1992-04-18]
# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/5885-6_of_1992_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1992.pdf

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:39 -	LMT	1911 Aug  1 # Georgetown
			-4:00	-	-04	1915 Mar  1
			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Aug  1
			-3:00	-	-03	1992 Mar 29  1:00
			-4:00	-	-04

# Paraguay
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
# editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
#
# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
# IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-02):
# I have three independent reports that Paraguay changed to DST this Sunday
# (10-01).
#
# Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
# Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
# fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
# system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
# decree each year; the new law has the same effect, but permanently.  Every
# year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
# clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
#
Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
# Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
# (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
# From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
# dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
# April.
Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
#
# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
# There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
# a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
# Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
# Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
# modifying the October date. The decree reads:
# ...
# Art. 1. It is hereby established that from the second Sunday of the month of
# April of this year (2010), the official time is to be set back 60 minutes,
# and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
# forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
# ...
Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
# Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
# http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
#
# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
# Decree 1264 can be found at:
# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
			-4:00	-	-04	1972 Oct
			-3:00	-	-03	1974 Apr
			-4:00	Para	-04/-03

# Peru
#
# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
# <news:xrGmb.39935$gA1.13896113@news4.srv.hcvlny.cv.net>:
# When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
# sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
# IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
			-5:00	Peru	-05/-04

# South Georgia
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
			-2:00	-	-02

# South Sandwich Is
# uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered

# Suriname
# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
			-3:30	-	-0330	1984 Oct
			-3:00	-	-03

# Uruguay
# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-20), per Jeremie Bonjour (2018-01-31) and Michael
# Deckers (2018-02-20):
# ... At least they kept good records...
#
# http://www.armada.mil.uy/ContenidosPDFs/sohma/web/almanaque/almanaque_2018.pdf#page=36
# Page 36 of Almanaque 2018, published by the Oceanography, Hydrography, and
# Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy, seems to give many transitions
# with greater clarity than we've had before.  It directly references many laws
# and decrees which are, in turn, referenced below.  They can be viewed in the
# public archives of the Diario Oficial (in Spanish) at
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/
#
# Ley No. 3920 of 1908-06-10 placed the determination of legal time under the
# auspices of the National Institute for the Prediction of Time.  It is unclear
# exactly what offset was used during this period, though Ley No. 7200 of
# 1920-04-23 used the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in
# Montevideo (34° 54' 33" S, 56° 12' 45" W) as its reference meridian,
# retarding legal time by 15 minutes 9 seconds from 1920-04-30 24:00,
# resulting in UT-04.  Assume the corresponding LMT of UT-03:44:51 (given on
# page 725 of the Proceedings of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress,
# 1915-1916) was in use, and merely became official from 1908-06-10.
# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1908/06/18/12
# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1920/04/27/9
#
# Ley No. 7594 of 1923-06-28 specified legal time as Observatory time advanced
# by 44 minutes 51 seconds (UT-03) "from 30 September to 31 March", and by 14
# minutes 51 seconds (UT-03:30) "the rest of the year"; a message from the
# National Council of Administration the same day, published directly below the
# law in the Diario Oficial, specified the first transition to be 1923-09-30
# 24:00.  This effectively established standard time at UT-03:30 with 30
# minutes DST.  Assume transitions at 24:00 on the specified days until Ley No.
# 7919 of 1926-03-05 ended this arrangement, repealing all "laws and other
# provisions which oppose" it, resulting in year-round UT-03:30; a Resolución
# of 1926-03-11 puts the final transition at 1926-03-31 24:00, the same as it
# would have been under the previous law.
# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1923/07/02/2
# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1933/10/27/6
#
# It appears Ley No. 9122 of 1933 was never published as such in the Diario
# Oficial, but instead appeared as Document 26 in the Diario on Friday
# 1933-10-27 as a decree made Monday 1933-10-23 and filed under the Ministry of
# National Defense.  It reinstituted a DST of 30 minutes (to UT-03) "from the
# last Sunday of October...until the last Saturday of March."  In accordance
# with this provision, the first transition was explicitly specified in Article
# 2 of the decree as Saturday 1933-10-28 at 24:00; that is, Sunday 1933-10-29
# at 00:00.  Assume transitions at 00:00 Sunday throughout.
#
# Departing from the matter-of-fact nature of previous timekeeping laws, the
# 1933 decree "consider[s] the advantages of...the advance of legal time":
#
#   "Whereas: The measure adopted by almost all nations at the time of the last
#    World War still persists in North America and Europe, precisely because of
#    the economic, hygienic, and social advantages derived from such an
#    emergency measure...
#
#    Whereas: The advance of the legal time during the summer seasons, by
#    displacing social activity near sunrise, favors the citizen populations
#    and especially the society that creates and works..."
#
# It further specified that "necessary measures" be taken to ensure that
# "public spectacles finish, in general, before [01:00]."
Rule	Uruguay	1933	1938	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1934	1941	-	Mar	lastSat	24:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Most of the Rules below, and their contemporaneous Zone lines, have been
# updated simply to match the Almanaque 2018.  Although the document does not
# list exact transition times, midnight transitions were already present in our
# data here for all transitions through 2004-09, and this is both consistent
# with prior transitions and verified in several decrees marked below between
# 1939-09 and 2004-09, wherein the relevant text was typically of the form:
#
#   "From 0 hours on [date], the legal time of the entire Republic will be...
#
#    In accordance with [the preceding], on [previous date] at 24 hours, all
#    clocks throughout the Republic will be [advanced/retarded] by..."
#
# It is possible that there is greater specificity to be found for the Rules
# below, but it is buried in no fewer than 40 different decrees individually
# referenced by the Almanaque for the period from 1939-09 to 2014-09.
# Four-fifths of these were promulgated less than two weeks before taking
# effect; more than half within a week and none more than 5 weeks.  Only the
# handful with comments below have been checked with any thoroughness.
Rule	Uruguay	1939	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1940	only	-	Oct	27	 0:00	0:30	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 1145 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1941-07-26, specified
# UT-03 from Friday 1941-08-01 00:00, citing an "urgent...need to save fuel".
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1941/08/04/1
Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 1866 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1942-12-09, specified
# further advancement (to UT-02:30) from Sunday 1942-12-13 24:00.  Since clocks
# never went back to UT-03:30 thereafter, this is modeled as advancing standard
# time by 30 minutes to UT-03, while retaining 30 minutes of DST.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1942/12/16/3
Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Apr	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 321/968 of 1968-05-25, citing emergency drought measures decreed the
# day before, brought clocks forward 30 minutes from Monday 1968-05-27 00:00.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1968/05/30/5
Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 188/970 of 1970-04-23 instituted restrictions on electricity
# consumption "as a consequence of the current rainfall regime in the country".
# Articles 13 and 14 advanced clocks by an hour from Saturday 1970-04-25 00:00.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1970/04/29/4
Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Jun	14	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	23	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Jul	16	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 29/974 of 1974-01-11, citing "the international rise in the price of
# oil", advanced clocks by 90 minutes (to UT-01:30).  Decreto 163/974 of
# 1974-03-04 returned 60 of those minutes (to UT-02:30), and the remaining 30
# minutes followed in Decreto 679/974 of 1974-08-29.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/01/22/11
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/03/14/3
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/09/04/6
Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Jan	13	 0:00	1:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1975	only	-	Mar	30	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Dec	19	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1978	1979	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Dec	17	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Apr	29	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 725/987 of 1987-12-04 cited "better use of national tourist
# attractions" to advance clocks one hour from Monday 1987-12-14 00:00.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1988/01/25/1
Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	 5	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1990	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Paul Eggert (1999-11-04):
# IATA agrees as below for 1990-10 through 1993-02.  Per Almanaque 2018, the
# 1992/1993 season appears to be the first in over half a century where DST
# both began and ended pursuant to the same decree.
Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1991	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
# From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 328/004 of 2004-09-15.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2004/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	-
# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
# Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
# save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# This 2005 postponement is not in Almanaque 2018.  Go with the contemporaneous
# reporting, which is confirmed by Decreto 107/005 of 2005-03-10 amending
# Decreto 328/004:
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/03/15/documentos.pdf#page=1
# The original decree specified a transition of 2005-03-12 24:00, but the new
# one specified 2005-03-27 02:00.
Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
# From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
# ...from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at 02:00 local time,
# official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 318/005 of 2005-09-19.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Uruguay	2006	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
# Decreto 311/006 of 2006-09-04 established regular DST from the first Sunday
# of October at 02:00 through the second Sunday of March at 02:00.  Almanaque
# 2018 appears to have a few typoed dates through this period; ignore them.
# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2006/09/08/documentos.pdf#page=1
Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	-
# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
# instead of out to dinner.
# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
# Decreto 178/015 of 2015-06-29; repeals Decreto 311/006.

# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:51 -	LMT	1908 Jun 10
			-3:44:51 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
			-4:00	-	-04	1923 Oct  1
			-3:30	Uruguay	-0330/-03 1942 Dec 14
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1960
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1968
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1970
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1974
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0130 1974 Mar 10
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1974 Dec 22
			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02

# Venezuela
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
#
# From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
# ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
# been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
# resolution publication)
# http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-04-15):
# https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/204758-venezuela-modificar-huso-horario-sequia-elnino
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
# Clocks advance 30 minutes on 2016-05-01 at 02:30....
# "'Venezuela's new time-zone: hours without light, hours without water,
# hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
# Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
# half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
#
# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
# ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
# http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta_ext/abril/1842016/E-1842016-4551.pdf

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
			-4:30	-	-0430	1965 Jan  1  0:00
			-4:00	-	-04	2007 Dec  9  3:00
			-4:30	-	-0430	2016 May  1  2:30
			-4:00	-	-04
# tzdb data for ships at sea and other miscellany

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# These entries are for uses not otherwise covered by the tz database.
# Their main practical use is for platforms like Android that lack
# support for POSIX-style TZ strings.  On such platforms these entries
# can be useful if the timezone database is wrong or if a ship or
# aircraft at sea is not in a timezone.

# Starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001, the entries below are all
# unnecessary as settings for the TZ environment variable.  E.g.,
# instead of TZ='Etc/GMT+4' one can use the POSIX setting TZ='<-04>+4'.
#
# Do not use a POSIX TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours
# behind GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".

# The following zone is used by tzcode functions like gmtime,
# which load the "UTC" file to handle seconds properly.
Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC

# Functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
# Vanguard section, which works with most .zi parsers.
#Zone	GMT		0	-	GMT
# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT

# The following link uses older naming conventions,
# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
# as it is needed for tzcode releases through 2022a,
# where functions like gmtime load "GMT" instead of the "Etc/UTC".
# We want this to work even on installations that omit 'backward'.
Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
# End of rearguard section.

# Be consistent with POSIX TZ settings in the Zone names,
# even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
# POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
# positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
# the abbreviation "-04" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
# (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).

# Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
# and had lines such as
#		Zone	GMT-12		-12	-	GMT-1200
# We did not want things to change quietly if someone accustomed to the old
# way does a
#		zic -l GMT-12
# so we moved the names into the Etc subdirectory.
# Also, the time zone abbreviations are now compatible with %z.

Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	+14
Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	+13
Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	+12
Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	+11
Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	+10
Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	+09
Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	+08
Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	+07
Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	+06
Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	+05
Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	+04
Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	+03
Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	+02
Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	+01
Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	-01
Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	-02
Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	-03
Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	-04
Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	-05
Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	-06
Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	-07
Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	-08
Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	-09
Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	-10
Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	-11
Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	-12
# tzdb links for backward compatibility

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file provides links from old or merged timezone names to current ones.
# Many names changed in 1993 and in 1995, and many merged names moved here
# in the period from 2013 through 2022.  Several of these names are
# also present in the file 'backzone', which has data important only
# for pre-1970 timestamps and so is out of scope for tzdb proper.

# Although this file is optional and tzdb will work if you omit it by
# building with 'make BACKWARD=', in practice downstream users
# typically use this file for backward compatibility.

# This file is divided into sections, one for each major reason for a
# backward compatibility link.  Each section is sorted by link name.

# A "#= TARGET1" comment labels each link inserted only because some
# .zi parsers (including tzcode through 2022e) mishandle links to links.
# The comment says what the target would be if these parsers were fixed
# so that data could contain links to links.  For example, the line
# "Link Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT #= Australia/Canberra" would be
# "Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT" were it not that data lines
# refrain from linking to links like Australia/Canberra, which means
# the Australia/ACT line links instead to Australia/Sydney,
# Australia/Canberra's target.


# Pre-1993 naming conventions

# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT	#= Australia/Canberra
Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
Link	Australia/Brisbane	Australia/Queensland
Link	Australia/Adelaide	Australia/South
Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Tasmania
Link	Australia/Melbourne	Australia/Victoria
Link	Australia/Perth		Australia/West
Link	Australia/Broken_Hill	Australia/Yancowinna
Link	America/Rio_Branco	Brazil/Acre	#= America/Porto_Acre
Link	America/Noronha		Brazil/DeNoronha
Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
# This line is commented out, as the name exceeded the 14-character limit
# and was an unused misnomer.
#Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
Link	America/Regina		Canada/Saskatchewan
Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
Link	America/Havana		Cuba
Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT
#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT+0
#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT-0
#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT0
#Link	GMT			Etc/Greenwich
# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT+0
Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT-0
Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT0
Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/Greenwich
# End of rearguard section.
Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/UCT
Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/Universal
Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/Zulu
Link	Europe/London		GB
Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
#Link	GMT			GMT+0
#Link	GMT			GMT-0
#Link	GMT			GMT0
#Link	GMT			Greenwich
# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0
Link	Etc/GMT			GMT-0
Link	Etc/GMT			GMT0
Link	Etc/GMT			Greenwich
# End of rearguard section.
Link	Asia/Hong_Kong		Hongkong
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Iceland	#= Atlantic/Reykjavik
Link	Asia/Tehran		Iran
Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Israel
Link	America/Jamaica		Jamaica
Link	Asia/Tokyo		Japan
Link	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
Link	Africa/Tripoli		Libya
Link	America/Tijuana		Mexico/BajaNorte
Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
Link	America/Denver		Navajo	#= America/Shiprock
Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
Link	Asia/Seoul		ROK
Link	Asia/Singapore		Singapore
Link	Europe/Istanbul		Turkey
Link	Etc/UTC			UCT
Link	America/Anchorage	US/Alaska
Link	America/Adak		US/Aleutian
Link	America/Phoenix		US/Arizona
Link	America/Chicago		US/Central
Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	US/East-Indiana
Link	America/New_York	US/Eastern
Link	Pacific/Honolulu	US/Hawaii
Link	America/Indiana/Knox	US/Indiana-Starke
Link	America/Detroit		US/Michigan
Link	America/Denver		US/Mountain
Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific
Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	US/Samoa
Link	Etc/UTC			UTC
Link	Etc/UTC			Universal
Link	Europe/Moscow		W-SU
Link	Etc/UTC			Zulu


# Two-part names that were renamed mostly to three-part names in 1995

# Link	TARGET				LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy		America/Jujuy
Link	America/Indiana/Knox		America/Knox_IN
Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
Link	America/Puerto_Rico		America/Virgin	#= America/St_Thomas
Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago		Pacific/Samoa


# Pre-2013 practice, which typically had a Zone per zone.tab line

# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Accra
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Addis_Ababa
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmara
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Bamako
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Bangui
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Banjul
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Blantyre
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Brazzaville
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Bujumbura
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Conakry
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Dakar
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Djibouti
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Douala
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Freetown
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Gaborone
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Harare
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Kampala
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Kigali
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Kinshasa
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Libreville
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Lome
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Luanda
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Lubumbashi
Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Lusaka
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Malabo
Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Maseru
Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Mbabane
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Mogadishu
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Niamey
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Nouakchott
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Ouagadougou
Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Porto-Novo
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Anguilla
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Antigua
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Aruba
Link	America/Panama		America/Atikokan
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Blanc-Sablon
Link	America/Panama		America/Cayman
Link	America/Phoenix		America/Creston
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Curacao
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Dominica
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Grenada
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Guadeloupe
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Kralendijk
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Lower_Princes
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Marigot
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Montserrat
Link	America/Toronto		America/Nassau
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Port_of_Spain
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Barthelemy
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Kitts
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Lucia
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Thomas
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Vincent
Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Tortola
Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Antarctica/DumontDUrville
Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/McMurdo
Link	Asia/Riyadh		Antarctica/Syowa
Link	Asia/Urumqi		Antarctica/Vostok
Link	Europe/Berlin		Arctic/Longyearbyen
Link	Asia/Riyadh		Asia/Aden
Link	Asia/Qatar		Asia/Bahrain
Link	Asia/Kuching		Asia/Brunei
Link	Asia/Singapore		Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
Link	Asia/Riyadh		Asia/Kuwait
Link	Asia/Dubai		Asia/Muscat
Link	Asia/Bangkok		Asia/Phnom_Penh
Link	Asia/Bangkok		Asia/Vientiane
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Atlantic/Reykjavik
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Atlantic/St_Helena
Link	Europe/Brussels		Europe/Amsterdam
Link	Europe/Prague		Europe/Bratislava
Link	Europe/Zurich		Europe/Busingen
Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Copenhagen
Link	Europe/London		Europe/Guernsey
Link	Europe/London		Europe/Isle_of_Man
Link	Europe/London		Europe/Jersey
Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Ljubljana
Link	Europe/Brussels		Europe/Luxembourg
Link	Europe/Helsinki		Europe/Mariehamn
Link	Europe/Paris		Europe/Monaco
Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Oslo
Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Podgorica
Link	Europe/Rome		Europe/San_Marino
Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Sarajevo
Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Skopje
Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Stockholm
Link	Europe/Zurich		Europe/Vaduz
Link	Europe/Rome		Europe/Vatican
Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Zagreb
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Antananarivo
Link	Asia/Bangkok		Indian/Christmas
Link	Asia/Yangon		Indian/Cocos
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Comoro
Link	Indian/Maldives		Indian/Kerguelen
Link	Asia/Dubai		Indian/Mahe
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Mayotte
Link	Asia/Dubai		Indian/Reunion
Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Chuuk
Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Funafuti
Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Majuro
Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Midway
Link	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pacific/Pohnpei
Link	Pacific/Guam		Pacific/Saipan
Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Wake
Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Wallis


# Non-zone.tab locations with timestamps since 1970 that duplicate
# those of an existing location

# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
Link	America/Panama		America/Coral_Harbour
Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
Link	America/Toronto		America/Nipigon
Link	America/Iqaluit		America/Pangnirtung
Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
Link	America/Winnipeg	America/Rainy_River
Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
Link	America/Toronto		America/Thunder_Bay
Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
Link	Europe/Berlin		Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Currie
Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Uzhgorod
Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Zaporozhye
Link	Pacific/Kanton		Pacific/Enderbury
Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Yap


# Alternate names for the same location

# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera	#= Africa/Asmara
Link	America/Nuuk		America/Godthab
Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking	#= Asia/Chongqing
Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
# Istanbul is in both continents.
Link	Europe/Istanbul		Asia/Istanbul
Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
Link	Asia/Yangon		Asia/Rangoon
Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
Link	Atlantic/Faroe		Atlantic/Faeroe
Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Kiev
# Classically, Cyprus is in Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
Link	Asia/Nicosia		Europe/Nicosia
Link	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pacific/Ponape	#= Pacific/Pohnpei
Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Truk	#= Pacific/Chuuk
# tzdb data for noncommittal factory settings

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# For distributors who don't want to specify a timezone in their
# installation procedures.  Users who run 'date' will get the
# time zone abbreviation "-00", indicating that the actual time zone
# is unknown.

# Zone	NAME	STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT
Zone	Factory	0	-	-00
